Download Psychology 10th Edition David Myers

Unit 5
States of
Consciousness
& the TwoTrack Mind
PLEASE DO NOW!
*Answer True or False to the following:
1.
People can dream in black & white
2.
Some people never dream
3.
Sleep is not necessary & with practice people can do without it
4.
It’s dangerous to wake a sleep walker
5.
If someone has nightmares it means they have serious emotional problems
6.
All dreams have underlying meanings
7.
We can learn during sleep
8.
Scientists agree on why we dream
9.
In general, teens need more sleep than adults
10. Scientists agree that hypnosis can make the subject do things he/she normally
would not
11. Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
12. Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill.
13. Some people dream every night; others seldom dream.
14. When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in
concert with the dream.
15. Older adults sleep longer than younger adults.
Overview of Topics in this Chapter
 the definition and nature of consciousness
 the consequences of having a dual-track mind
 the rhythms and functions of sleep and
dreams
 the nature and effects of hypnosis
 the substances that affect consciousness
 drug dependence and abuse
Consciousness is…
 alertness; being awake
vs. being unconscious
 self-awareness; the
ability to think about
self
 having free will; being
able to make a
“conscious” decision
 a person’s mental
content, thoughts, and
imaginings
To explore the nature of
consciousness, it helps to
first choose a definition.
In the text, consciousness
is defined as:
“our awareness of
ourselves and our
environment.”
Aren’t animals aware of their
environment?
If so, is our awareness different?...
Possibly…because we have
(uniquely?) a narrative experience
of that awareness.
The central theory of conscious
behavior can be found in:
Conscious
Subconscious
Unconscious
Chapter Topics
This chapter is concerned with:
 the quality our mental experience.
 the role of the brain in that
experience.
 the way that experience is affected
by the two tracks of mental
experience.
 the way that experience is altered by
 sleep.
 hypnosis.
 psychoactive drugs.
Forms of Consciousness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAIfGYAhwQA
Psychology’s Relationship to this Topic
Psychology was once
defined as “the description
and explanation of states of
consciousness.”
Now, consciousness is just
one topic among many for
psychologists.
Cognitive
neuroscience
allows us to
revisit this topic
and see how the
brain is involved.
Brain and
Consciousness:
Findings and Debates
Finding
Some rare
“unconscious” patients
have brain responses to
conversation.
Implication
Don’t judge a book
by its cover when it
comes to
consciousness.
Debate
What is going on
in the brain that
generates our
experience of
consciousness?
One View
Synchronized, coordinated
brain activity generates
consciousness, or at least
is a sign that conscious
activity is occurring.
While out for a bike ride, you can think
about what you’ll make for dinner
rather than concentrate on how to
operate the bicycle. This illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
parallel processing.
Sigmund Freud’s concept of the unconscious.
the function of delta waves.
somnambulism.
Conscious vs. Unconscious Activity:
The Dual-Track Mind
Conscious “high” track:
our minds take deliberate
actions we know we are
doing
Examples: problem solving,
naming an object, defining a
word
Unconscious “low” track:
our minds perform automatic
actions, often without being
aware of them
Examples: walking, acquiring
phobias, processing sensory
details into perceptions and
memories
Example in the book (borrowed from the Sensation
and Perception topic:
Automatic processing:
Conscious “high” track
says, “I saw a bird!”
Unconsciously, we
see:
And now, to
SLEEP-perchance,
to Dream
10 Most Common Dreams
(reported by 18-35 yr. olds)
1. Falling (79%)
2. Seeing loved one in danger or dead (60%)
3. Being chased or attacked (56%)
4. Having a sexual experience (54%)
5. Accomplishing something great (52%)
6. Flying or floating (45%)
7. Paralyzed/unable to move or run (42%)
8. Preparing for an event (31%)
9. Missing an event/bus/plane (28%)
10. Being naked in public (15%)
-Adapted from Faraday & Garfield
Sleep as a State of Consciousness
When sleeping, are we fully
unconscious and “dead to
the world”?
Or is the window to
consciousness open?
Consider that:
 we move around, but how do
we stop ourselves from falling
out of bed?
 we sometimes incorporate
real-world noises into our
dreams.
 some noises (our own baby’s
cry) wake us more easily than
others.
How Do We Learn About
Sleep and Dreams?
 We can monitor EEG/brain
waves and muscle
movements during sleep.
 We can expose the
sleeping person to noise
and words, and then
examine the effects on the
brain (waves) and mind
(memory).
 We can wake people and
see which mental state
(e.g. dreaming) goes with
which brain/body state.
Sleep and
Biological
Rhythms
 24 hour biological
“clock”
 90 minute sleep
cycle
Daily Rhythms and Sleep
The circadian (“about a
day”) rhythm refers to the
body’s natural 24-hour cycle,
roughly matched to the
day/night cycle of light and
dark.
What changes during the 24
hours?
Over the 24 hour cycle, the
following factors vary, rising
and falling over the course of
the day and night:
 body temperature
 arousal/energy
 mental sharpness
“Larks” and “Owls”
Daily rhythms vary from
person to person and with
age.
General peaks in alertness:
 evening peak—20-year
old “owls”
 morning peak—50-year
old “larks”
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Sleep Stages and Sleep Cycles:
What is Measured?
Stages and Cycles of Sleep
Sleep stages refer to distinct patterns
of brain waves and muscle activity that
are associated with different types of
consciousness and sleep.
Sleep cycles refer to
the patterns of shifting
through all the sleep
stages over the course
of the night. We
“cycle” through all the
sleep stages in about
90 minutes on
average.
There
are
four
types
of
sleep.
Falling Asleep:
From Alert to Alpha
Eyes Closed
Alpha waves are the relatively slow brain
waves of a relaxed, awake state.
Brain Waves During Sleep
Falling asleep
 Yawning creates a brief boost in
alertness as your brain metabolism is
slowing down.
 Your breathing slows down.
 Brain waves become slower and
irregular.
 You may have hypnagogic (while
falling asleep) hallucinations.
 Your brain waves change from alpha
waves to NREM-1.
Non-REM Sleep Stages
Getting deeper into sleep…
but not dreaming yet
NREM-1
NREM-2
NREM-3
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Typical Nights Sleep
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Typical Nights Sleep
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Typical Nights Sleep
The length of
REM sleep
increases the
longer you
remain asleep.
With age, there
are more
awakenings and
less deep sleep.
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Sleep Stages
• There are 5 identified stages of sleep.
• It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through
the 5 stages.
• The brain’s waves will change according to the
sleep stage you are in.
• The first four sages and know as NREM sleep..
• The fifth stage is called REM sleep.
Stage One
• This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a
transition stage between wake and sleep.
• It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and
occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of
sleep.
• eyes begin to roll slightly.
• consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude,
low frequency (slow))
• brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those
present while awake
Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.
Stage Two
• This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline"
of sleep.
• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and
occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep.
Stage Three & Four
• Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow
wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes.
• It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity
slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm
of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta"
and the height or amplitude of the waves increases
dramatically.
Stage Three and Four (continued)
• Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is the
"deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most
restorative.
• It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain
craves the first and foremost.
• In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all
sleep time and this is what makes children unawake
able or "dead asleep" during most of the night.
Stage Five: REM SLEEP
•
•
•
•
REM: Rapid Eye Movement
This is a very active stage of sleep.
Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep.
Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity
quicken.
• Vivid Dreams can occur.
• From REM, you go back to Stage 2
REM Sleep
Eugene
Aserinsky’s
discovery
(1953):
dreams
occurred
during
periods of
wild brain
activity and
rapid eye
movements
[REM sleep].
What happens during
REM sleep?
 Heart rate rises and
breathing becomes rapid.
 “Sleep paralysis” occurs
when the brainstem blocks
the motor cortex’s
messages and the muscles
don’t move. This is
sometimes known as
“paradoxical sleep”; the
brain is active but the body
is immobile.
 Genitals are aroused (not
caused by dream content)
and stay this way after REM
is over.
Stages of Sleep
Why do we sleep?
What determines the quantity and rhythm of sleep?
The amount and
pattern of sleep
is affected by
biology, age,
culture, and
individual
variation.
Light and the
brain regulate
sleep.
 Age: in general, newborns need 16 hours of
sleep, while adults need 8 hours or less
 Individual (genetic) variation: some people
function best with 6 hours of sleep, others with
9 hours or more
 Culture: North Americans sleep less than
others, and less than they used to, perhaps
because of the use of light bulbs
 The circadian rhythm is hard to shift (jet lag).
 This rhythm can be affected by light, which
suppresses the relaxing hormone melatonin.
Why do we sleep?
What does sleep do for us?
1. Sleep protected our ancestors from
predators.
2. Sleep restores and repairs the brain and
body.
3. Sleep builds and strengthens memories.
4. Sleep facilitates creative problem
solving.
5. Sleep is the time when growth
hormones are active.
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6
dt7_vHKvY
Effects of
Sleep Loss/
Deprivation
Research shows that
inadequate sleep can
make you more likely
to:
 lose brainpower.
 gain weight.
 get sick.
 be irritable.
 feel old.
 https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=iKS0GVvoE9I
Sleep Loss Effects
by Body System
Sleep Loss/Deprivation=Accident Risk
Accident
Frequency
Sleep loss
results in
more
accidents,
probably
caused by
impaired
attention and
slower
reaction time.
Sleep Hygiene
How to Sleep Well
1. Turn the lights low and
turn all screens off.
2. Eat earlier, and drink
less alcohol and
caffeine.
3. Get up at the same time
every day.
4. Exercise (late afternoon
is best).
5. Don’t check the clock;
just let it happen.
6. Get counseling for
anxiety and depression.
Sleep Disorders
Are these people
dreaming?
 Night terrors refer to
sudden scared-looking
• Insomnia: persistent inability
behavior, with rapid
to fall asleep or stay asleep
heartbeat and
• Narcolepsy (“numb seizure”):
breathing.
sleep attacks, even a collapse
into REM/paralyzed sleep, at  Sleepwalking and
sleeptalking run in
inopportune times
families, so there is a
• Sleep apnea (“with no
possible genetic basis.
breath”): repeated awakening
These behaviors,
after breathing stops; time in
mostly affect
bed is not restorative sleep
children, and occur in
• https://www.youtube.com/wat
NONREM-3 sleep.
ch?v=LbmbQkX7czo
They are not
considered dreaming.
Dreams
the stream of images, actions, and
feelings, experienced while in REM sleep
What We Dream About
 Dreams often include
some negative event or
emotion, especially
failure dreams (being
pursued, attacked,
rejected, or having bad
luck).
 Dreams do NOT often
include sexuality.
 We may incorporate realworld sounds and other
stimuli into dreams.
 Dreams also include
images from recent,
traumatic, or frequent
experiences.
 https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=A4TB8C9G0D
Q
What We Dream About:
(Psychoanalytic Theory)
Sigmund Freud believed there was
often a hidden “latent content”
(conflicts, worries, and urges)
underneath the symbolic “manifest
content” (the plot, actions, and
images recalled) of dreams.
Theories about Functions of Dreams
Theory
Explanation
Lacks any
Dreams provide a “psychic safety
scientific
valve”;
they
often
express
Wish fulfillment
support;
otherwise
unacceptable
feelings,
(psychodreams may be
and
contain
both
manifest
analytic theory)
interpreted in
(remembered) content and a latent many
different
content (hidden meaning).
But why
do we
ways.
sometimes
Dreams help us sort out the day’s
Informationdream about
events and consolidate our
processing
This may
be
things
we have
memories.
true,not
but it
Regular brain stimulation from REM experienced?
does not
Physiological
The
sleep may help develop and
explain
why we
function
individual’s
preserve neural pathways.
experience
brain is
meaningful
REM sleep triggers impulses that
weaving
the
dreams.
Activationevoke random visual memories,
stories, which
synthesis
which our sleeping brain weaves
still tells us
into stories.
something
Does not
Dream
content
reflects
the
about
the
Cognitiveaddress
the
dreamers’
cognitive
dreamer.
developmental development—his or her
neuroscience of
theory
dreams.
knowledge and understanding.
Another Possible State of Consciousness:
HYPNOSIS
Text definition: Hypnosis is a social
interaction in which one person (the
hypnotist) suggests to another (the
subject) that certain perceptions,
feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur.
Alternate definition: Hypnosis is
a cooperative social action in
which one person is in a state of
being likely to respond to
suggestions from another person.
 This state has been called
heightened suggestibility as
well as a trance.
 Controversy: does this social
interaction really require an
altered state of consciousness?
“Your arm
may soon
feel so
light that it
rises…”
Types of Hypnotic Suggestions
The subject
may be led into
changes in:
perceptions
(“The headache is fading away.”)
behavior
(“Your arm might rise by itself.”)
emotions
(“You are feeling more relaxed and confident.”)
attitudes
(“I get nutrition from food, and get comfort from friends.”)
memory
(“You got lost in a mall as a child.”)
https://vimeo.com/60670141
Induction Into Hypnosis
Hypnotic induction, the
inducing of a hypnotic state,
is the process by which a
hypnotist leads someone
into the state of heightened
suggestibility.
The Highly
Hypnotizable
20 Percent
How do some people get so
hypnotized that they can have
A swinging
no reaction to ammonia under
watch and
recitation of the their noses?
words “you are • These people seem to be
getting sleepy”
more easily absorbed in
are not
imaginative activities.
necessary.
• They are able to focus and to
lose themselves in fantasy.
• The hypnotic induction
method may happen to work
just right.
Theories Explaining Hypnosis
Divided Consciousness Theory
Hypnosis is a special state of
dissociated (divided)
consciousness of our dual-track
mind.
Social Influence Theory
Hypnotic subjects may simply
be imaginative people who go
along with the “subject” role
they have agreed to play.
Benefits of
Hypnosis for
Some People:
 blocking awareness
of pain, even enough
for surgery without
anesthesia
 reducing obesity,
anxiety, and
hypertension
 improving
concentration and
performance
 https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=6F8lWkKBD90
What Hypnosis
Cannot Do:
 work when people
refuse to
cooperate
 bestow
‘superhuman’
abilities or
strength
 accurately boost
recall of forgotten
events (it is more
likely to implant
false recall)
Altering Consciousness
Drugs
Psychoactive drugs are
chemicals introduced
into the body which alter
perceptions, mood, and
other elements of
conscious experience.
Dependence/Addiction
 Many psychoactive
drugs can be harmful
to the body.
 Psychoactive drugs
are particularly
dangerous when a
person develops an
addiction or becomes
dependent on the
substance.
 Factors related to
addiction:
 tolerance
 withdrawal
 impact on daily life
of substance use
 physical and
psychological
dependence
Tolerance
Tolerance of a
drug refers to
the diminished
psychoactive
effects after
repeated use.
Tolerance feeds
addiction
because users
take increasing
amounts of a
drug to get the
desired effect.
Withdrawal
 After the benefits of a
substance wear off,
especially after tolerance
has developed, drug
users may experience
withdrawal (painful
symptoms of the body
readjusting to the
absence of the drug).
 Withdrawal worsens
addiction because users
want to resume taking
the drug to end
withdrawal symptoms.
Dependence
In physical
dependence,
the body has been
altered in ways
that create
cravings for the
drug (e.g. to end
withdrawal
symptoms).
In psychological
dependence,
a person’s resources
for coping with
daily life wither as
a drug becomes
“needed” to
relax, socialize,
or sleep.
Dependence
on a substance (or activity?)
 Tolerance: the need to use more to receive the
desired effect
 Withdrawal: the distress experienced when the
“high” subsides
 Using more than intended
 Persistent, failed attempts to regulate use
 Much time spent preoccupied with the
substance, obtaining it, and recovering
 Important activities reduced because of use
 Continued use despite aversive consequences
Depressants
Examples:
 alcohol
 barbiturates
 opiates
Depressants are chemicals
that reduce neural activity
and other body functions.
Effects of Alcohol Use
Impact on functioning
 Slow neural processing,
reduced sympathetic
nervous system activity, and
slower thought and physical
reaction
 Reduced memory
formation caused by
disrupted REM sleep and
reduced synapse formation
 Impaired self-control,
impaired judgment, selfmonitoring, and inhibition;
increased accidents and
aggression
Chronic Use:
Brain damage
Barbiturates
Barbiturates are
tranquilizers--drugs that
depress central nervous
system activity.
 Examples: Nembutal,
Seconal, Amytal
 Effects: reducing
anxiety and inducing
sleep
 Problems: reducing
memory, judgment,
and concentration; can
lead to death if
combined with alcohol
Opiates:
Highly Addictive Depressants
 Opiates depress
nervous system
activity; this
reduces anxiety,
and especially
reduces pain.
 High doses of
opiates produce
euphoria.
 Opiates work at
receptor sites for
the body’s natural
pain reducers
(endorphins).
Opiates are
chemicals such
as morphine
and heroin that
are made from
the opium
poppy.
Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs which
intensify neural activity
and bodily functions.
Some physical effects of stimulants:
dilated pupils, increased breathing and
heart rate, increased blood sugar,
decreased appetite
Examples of stimulants:
 Caffeine
 Nicotine
 Amphetamines,
Methamphetamine
 Cocaine
 Ecstasy
Caffeine
 adds energy
 disrupts sleep for 3-4
hours
 can lead to withdrawal
symptoms if used daily:
 headaches
 irritability
 fatigue
 difficulty
concentrating
 depression
Nicotine
The main
effect of
nicotine use
is
ADDICTION.
Why do people smoke?
 Starting to smoke: invited
by peers, influenced by
culture and media
 Continuing: positively
reinforced by physically
stimulating effects
 Not stopping: after regular
use, smokers have difficulty
stopping because of
withdrawal symptoms such
as insomnia, anxiety,
distractibility, and irritability
Cocaine
 Cocaine blocks reuptake (and thus increases
levels at the synapse of:
 dopamine (feels rewarding).
 serotonin (lifts mood).
 norepinephrine (provides energy).
 Effect on consciousness: Euphoria!!! At
least for 45 minutes…
What happens
next?
 Euphoria crashes
into a state
worse than
before taking the
drug, with
agitation,
depression, and
pain.
 Users develop
tolerance; over
time, withdrawal
symptoms of
cocaine use get
worse, and users
take more just to
feel normal.
 Cycles of
overdose and
withdrawal can
sometimes bring
convulsions,
violence, heart
attack, and
death.
Methamphetamine
 Methamphetamine triggers the sustained release of
dopamine, sometimes leading to eight hours of euphoria and
energy.
 What happens next: irritability, insomnia, seizures,
hypertension, violence, depression
 “Meth” addiction can become all-consuming.
From 1998 to 2002: Extreme Makeover, Meth Edition
Ecstasy/MDMA
(MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine)
 Ecstasy is a synthetic stimulant that
increases dopamine and greatly
increases serotonin.
 Effects on consciousness: euphoria,
CNS stimulation, hallucinations, and
artificial feeling of social connectedness
and intimacy
What Happens Next?
 In the short run, regretted behavior, dehydration, overheating, and
high blood pressure.
 Make it past that, and you might have:
 damaged serotonin-producing neurons, causing permanently
depressed mood
 disrupted sleep and circadian rhythm
 impaired memory and slowed thinking
 suppressed immune system
Hallucinogens
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
 LSD and similar drugs interfere with
serotonin transmission.
 This causes hallucinations--images
and other “sensations” that didn’t
come in through the senses.
Marijuana/THC (delta-9TetraHydroCannabinol)
 Marijuana binds with brain
cannabinoid receptors.
 Effect on consciousness:
 amplifies sensations
 disinhibits impulses
 euphoric mood
 lack of ability to sense satiety
Marijuana/THC:
What Happens Next?
 Impaired motor
coordination,
perceptual ability, and
reaction time
 THC accumulates in the
body, increasing the
effects of next use
 Over time, the brain
shrinks in areas
processing memory and
emotion
 Smoke inhalation
damage
Summary: Desired Effects of Drugs
Summary: Aversive Effects of Drugs
Prevalence of Drug Use in the
United States
Nicotine Use as of 2011:
26 percent of high school
dropouts smoke; 6 percent
of people with graduate
degrees smoke
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse
What influences can lead to drug use?
What can turn drug use into
dependence?
 Biological factors: dependence in
relatives, thrill-seeking in childhood,
genes related to alcohol sensitivity and
dependence, and easily disrupted
dopamine reward system
 Psychological factors: seeking
gratification, depression, problems
forming identity, problems assessing risks
and costs
 Social influences: media glorification,
observing peers
Are
substances
inherently
addictive and
should they
be avoided at
all cost?
Only 10 to 16 percent of
people who try most drugs,
even morphine and cocaine,
become addicted.
Controversies
Related to
Addiction
Is the
“addiction”
concept
applicable to
repeated
behaviors that
do not involve
ingesting
chemicals?
Does
recovery
require
therapy, or
require a 12step group?
In general,
recovery rates do
not seem to differ
much from people
quitting on their
own.
Labeling it this way can be seen as
making excuses for misbehavior
such as gambling or sexual affairs.
However, many of the
dependence criteria are often
met, and there may be a
dopamine-based chemical process
underlying some ‘addictive’
behavior patterns.