Download energy flows in ONE direction in an ecosystem!!!

ECOLOGY- Chapters 2, 3, 4 & 5
What is ecology?
What is a BIOTIC FACTOR?
Examples __________________________________________________________________
What is an ABIOTIC FACTOR?
Examples __________________________________________________________________
What is a HABITAT?
What is a NICHE?
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION – HIERARCHY OF LIFE
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Organism (simplest): _________________________________________________________________
SPECIES _____________________________________________________________________
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Population: _________________________________________________________________________
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Community: ________________________________________________________________________
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Ecosystem: _________________________________________________________________________
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Biome: _____________________________________________________________________________
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Biosphere (broadest): _________________________________________________________________
COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS: competition, predation, and symbioses
COMPETITION:
 results from ______________________________________________________
 organisms compete for _____________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________ may occur: where one species is eliminated
PREDATION:
 results when one individual kills another organism___________________________
 individual that is killed called __________________________
 this is one way that ______________________________________________ occurs
Anti-Predator Defenses
Camouflage - ________________________________________________________________________
Mimicry - __________________________________________________________________________
Warning Coloration - ________________________________________________________________
Protective Coverings - ________________________________________________________________
Secondary Compounds - ______________________________________________________________
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS (SYMBIOSES): mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
MUTUALISM: ___________________________________________________________________________
examples ___________________________________________________________________________
COMMENSALISM:_______________________________________________________________________
examples ___________________________________________________________________________
PARASITISM:___________________________________________________________________________
examples ___________________________________________________________________________
HOW LIVING THINGS MEET THEIR ENERGY NEEDS…
What is the energy source for most living things? _________________
Autotrophs or _______________________ or “self-feeders” can produce _______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Autotrophs can be photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs….
Photoautotrophs inclue ____________________________________________ and perform…
photosynthesis which uses _____________ energy to produce carbohydrates/food/fuel
Chemoautotrophs include __________________________________________ and perform…
chemosynthesis which uses ____________ energy to produce carbohydrates/food/fuel
Plant Responses (Tropisms):
 Phototropism = response toward _____________________
 Geo/Gravitropism = response toward ___________________
 Thigmotropism = response to _________________________________
Heterotrophs or __________________ or “other feeders” cannot produce their food and ________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
There are many different kinds of heterotrophs including….
Herbivores = feed on _____________________________
Carnivores = feed on _____________________________
Omnivores = feed on _____________________________
Detritivores = feed on detritus (dead organic matter) – include _________________________________
Decomposers = break down organic matter and recycle nutrients – include _______________________
ENERGY FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM
THE SUN
energy flows in ONE direction in an ecosystem!!!
from ________________________________________________
What is a food chain?
What is a food web?
TROPHIC LEVELS (FEEDING LEVELS):
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each step in a food chain or food web is called a _______________________________
a trophic level indicates an organism’s position in the sequence of ___________________________
most ecosystems have only ________________ trophic levels
TROPHIC LEVELS (FEEDING LEVELS) :
producers –
primary (1st order) consumers secondary (2nd order) consumers tertiary (3rd order) consumers quaternary (4th order) consumers trophic levels can be represented with an ______________________________________________ which shows
the relative amounts of ________________________________________________ contained within each level
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS: energy pyramid, biomass pyramid, pyramid of numbers
ENERGY PYRAMID:
 shows the relative amount of ____________________ available at each trophic level.
 only about ________ of the energy available at each level is transferred to the next
 about ________ of the energy at each level is lost as heat or used in life processes
BIOMASS PYRAMID:
 represents the amount of biomass ( ____________________________) at each trophic level
 represents the amount of potential _________________ available for each trophic level
 typically, the greatest biomass is at the __________________________ of the pyramid
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS:
 represents the relative _________________________________________ at each trophic level
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
elements, chemical compounds and other forms of matter MUST BE RECYCLED and are passed from one
organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles
WATER CYCLE (also called the __________________________ cycle) is the _________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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Evaporation _________________________________________________________________________
Transpiration _________________________________________________________________
Perspiration ___________________________________________________________________
Condensation ________________________________________________________________________
Precipitation _________________________________________________________________________
Why is water important? __________________________________________________________________
CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLE ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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Decomposition ______________________________________________________________________
Combustion _________________________________________________________________________
Respiration __________________________________________________________________________
Why are C and O important? _______________________________________________________________
NITROGEN CYCLE _______________________________________________________________________
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Nitrogen Fixation = ___________________________________________________________________
Denitrication = ______________________________________________________________________
Why is N important? _____________________________________________________________________
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE ____________________________________________________________________
How is the P cycle different? _______________________________________________________________
Why is P important? ______________________________________________________________________
COMMUNITIES
Limiting Factor – biotic or abiotic factors that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of
organisms. Examples _________________________________________________________________
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION – ____________________________________________________________
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occurs when a NEW LAND AREA is exposed or when an EXISTING LAND AREA is disturbed
succession usually culminates in a climax community (a stable, final community)
Climax Community…. the end result of succession, the final (stable) community to inhabit an area
PRIMARY SUCCESSION – _____________________________________________________________
Examples… volcanic islands, bare rock, glacier melting
Pioneer Species – _______________________________________________________________
Examples ….mosses, lichens, other nonvascular plants
Lichen = __________________________________________________________
SECONDARY SUCCESSION – _________________________________________________________
LATITUDE AFFECTS CLIMATE
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latitude = the distance (N or S) of any point on Earth from the equator.
climate is directly ____________________________________________________________________
CLIMATE … the average year to year conditions of …
WEATHER … the day to day conditions of …
GREENHOUSE EFFECT - a natural phenomenon that occurs when heat is retained (trapped) by the
atmosphere – the greenhouse effect helps to keep the planet warm and life on Earth possible
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________________________________________________ and other gases in the atmosphere trap heat
the atmosphere acts like an insulating _________________________________________________
some scientists believe that An enhanced greenhouse effect = ______________________________
IN SUMMARY…
Latitude  __________________________________
Climate  ________________________________
Weather  _____________________________
Precipitation  __________________________ (vegetation)
Flora  ___________________________ (animal life)
BIOME – a large geographical area having…
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characteristic temperature range and _____________________________________________________
characteristic ________________________________________________________________________
TUNDRA
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cold & treeless; covers 1/5 of world’s land
little precipitation (mostly frozen)
flora - ______________________________________________________________________________
fauna - _____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________: permanently frozen layer of soil under surface
summer can cause boggy ponds & different fauna
TAIGA or BOREAL FOREST or CONIFEROUS FOREST
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south of the tundra; in the N hemisphere
flora: ______________________________________________________________________________
fauna: _____________________________________________________________________________
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST (YOU live here!)
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trees that lose their leaves are found here = _______________________________ trees
warmer winter and longer summers = ___________________________
flora: _____________________________________________________________________________
fauna: ____________________________________________________________________________
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
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also known as prairies (“the bread basket”)
dominated by ____________________________________
less rainfall; not many tall trees
____________________________________ soil
flora: ______________________________________________________________________________
fauna: _____________________________________________________________________________
TROPICAL GRASSLAND or TROPICAL SAVANNA
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can be in tropical or subtropical regions
flora: _______________________________________________________________________________
fauna: ______________________________________________________________________________
DESERT – there are hot deserts and cold deserts
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less than _____________________ (25 cm) rainfall per year
can be cold because of the low humidity (moisture)
sparse vegetation that have adaptations for the dry conditions __________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
flora: _______________________________________________________________________________
fauna: ______________________________________________________________________________
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
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most productive biome – GREATEST BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY = ______________________________________________________________________
3 KINDS OF BIODIVERSITY – SPECIES DIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY, GENETIC DIVERSITY
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most of the world’s species live here
warm year round; little variation in temperature
canopy formed from a continuous layer of treetops that shades the forest floor
precipitation ____________ inches per year; rains almost daily
flora: _______________________________________________________________________________
fauna: ______________________________________________________________________________
AQUATIC/WATER ECOSYSTEMS
are determined by water chemistry (pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen) depth, flow, and temperature
SALTWATER _______________________________________________________________________
Marine areas include ____________________________________________________________
 these areas make up ______% of water on Earth
FRESHWATER ______________________________________________________________________
 make up only ______% of water on Earth
Most freshwater ________________________________________________________________
GROUNDWATER _____________________________________________________________
*There are transitional aquatic ecosystems where saltwater and freshwater merge  wetlands and estuaries
ESTUARY - wetlands formed where rivers (fresh water) meet salt water
• these areas are affected by the rise and fall of tides; are usually shallow
• serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many aquatic species
POPULATION DENSITY – ________________________________________________________________
Factors that may affect population density…..
DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTOR – affects a population regardless of the _____________________
of the population - usually abiotic; weather events
Examples: ____________________________________________________________________
DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTOR – affects a population on the basis of the
___________________________ of organisms
Examples: ____________________________________________________________________
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Immigration – movement of individuals ______________ an area.
Emigration – movement of individuals ________________ an area.
CARRYING CAPACITY - ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH IS CAUSING…
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severe overcrowding in some areas
___________________________ in energy demands
a need for an increased food supply and increased waste disposal
very rapid ecological change (habitat destruction,….)
* The world’s population tripled from 1930-2000 and is expected to double again from 2000-2050