Download Anatomy and Physiology 242 Unit III Objectives Respiratory System

Anatomy and Physiology 242 Unit III Objectives Respiratory System
1. Know the functions of the respiratory system.
2. Be able to identify the parts of the process of ventilation and what happens during each part.
3. What is the difference between internal and external respiration?
4. Be able to identify, describe and tell the difference between the parts of the respiratory systemnasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, primary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal and respiratory bronchioles,
alveoli, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs. Know each of their functions. Know the difference between
conducting & respiratory zones.
5. Name the cell types of the alveolus and what they are responsible for. What is the
physiological necessity for surfactant? What is the consequence in premature babies regarding
surfactant?
6. Know the following gas laws and the formulas that go with them and know what their
significance to respiration. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures, Henry’s Law, Boyle’s Law.
7. What does conditioning air mean and what does it entail? Where does it occur?
8. What is the difference between quiet inspiration and expiration and forced inspiration and
expiration? What muscles are used in each?
9. Explain inspiration and expiration in terms of a closed box with one opening.
10. How is intrapulmonary pressure different from intrapleural and intraalveolar pressures? How
are they maintained? What is the physiological significance of each? What are the values of each
during breathing, at rest, etc. ?
11. What is compliance? What factors increase and/or decrease it?
12. Explain the effect of surface tension on the alveoli in the lung. How is this compensated for
by the body?
13. Know the following respiratory volumes and capacities and how to calculate each: TV, IRV,
ERV, RV, IC, FRC, VC, TLC.
14. How are total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation related and how are they
different? Know how to calculate each. What is the significance of anatomical dead space and
what is it? Why is alveolar ventilation rate a better indicator of effective ventilation?
15. Know Boyle’s gas law and the formula that goes with it and know its significance to
respiration.
16. Know the difference between hypo- and hyper- ventilation. Know ho the partial pressures of
O2 and CO2 change with each.
17. Name factors that affect pulmonary gas exchange. Which of these is the most important and
why?
18. Know the composition of the respiratory membrane, where it is located and why it is efficient
at gas exchange.
19. Explain partial pressures, gas solubilities and diffusion of gases at the alveoli and at the
tissues.
20. Explain the HbO2 dissociation curve in some detail. What determines the amount of O2 that
will bind to Hb? What factors determine where and how O2 will the loaded or detached? What
are the effects of pH, temperature, and BPG on the dissociation curve-be able to explain. In
which direction will they shift the curve and why?
21. Define hypo- and hyper- capnia. Know what causes each and how the body brings the body
back to homeostasis if either occurs.
22. How are O2 and CO2 transported in blood? Which is the most important transport mechanism
for each?
23. Know where the respiratory centers are located-DRG, VRG and pneumotaxic centers. Be
able to explain their functions and how together they determine the rate and depth of respiration.
What is the difference between quiet inspiration and expiration and forced inspiration and
expiration in regard to the DRG and VRG?
24. What are E neurons and I neurons? Where are they located and what is their importance in
respiration?
25. What are respiratory reflexes? Give examples of PCO2, pH and PO2 which will cause a
respiratory reflex.
26. What and where are central and peripheral chemoreceptors. What stimulates them? How are
they important to respiration?
27. Explain the Bohr effect.
28. Explain the Chloride shift.
29. What is the Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex? When would it be used?
30. What does bronchioconstriction and bronchiodilation refer to? When might you see them?