Download Unit E Note Pkg

SCIENCE 9
UNIT E
Space
Exploration
“It’s nothing personal, Donald; I just need more space.”
Dec.2011
1
2
Astronomy
Did You Know?
3
In space, there is only 1 atom per cm
It costs about $20 00 US per pound to launch the shuttle
It takes 8 minutes for the Sun’s light to reach the Earth
Canada is a big part of the Mars Missions – we have developed many robotic
components for the rovers
It takes about 2 minutes to get a shuttle into orbit. During that time, 454 000 kg
of fuel is used up
Orbit velocity is 27 000 km/hr
The Solar System
If the Sun was a large pumpkin:
-the Earth would be the size of a pea half a block away,
-Jupiter would be a mandarin orange 3 kilometers away,
-Pluto would be an apple seed 3 kilometers away,
-and the next star would be a red cabbage 18 000 kilometers
from the pumpkin!
3
SCI 9
UNIT E
SPACE EXPLORATION
July 16, 1969 a Saturn V Rocket blasts off from the Kennedy Space Center carrying
Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.
Destination: The Moon …The Eagle Has Landed
July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first people to visit a celestial body
other than Earth. It took 4 days for lunar module Eagle to reach the moon 385 000 km away.
All but 4 seconds worth of the fuel budgeted for the trip to the moon was used up by the time
Eagle 1 landed.
1.1 Early Views of Astronomy - the ___________ were the first ones to try to explain
how the universe worked in a logical, systematic manner using models and observations.
Models of Planetary Motion
1. Geocentric Model:
Proposed by …
Some of the observations that convinced the Greeks that the Earth was not moving were . . .
The Earth is not part of the heavens, Celestial objects are bright points of light, the
Greeks saw little change in the heavens, and finally, our senses show that the Earth
appears to be …
2. Copernicus' heliocentric model Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543 C.E.), found many deficiencies in the geocentric model.
He proposed that the Sun was the center of our universe and that the Earth and the other
planets …
Copernicus retained the Aristotelian notion that planets fulfill the goal of perfect (circular)
motion; he found that planets farther from the Sun move slower.
Galileo Galilei (1564--1642 C.E.) - Considered the …
First to use the telescope for astronomical observations; supported
Copernicus's Heliocentric model.
4
Johannes Kepler studied the astronomical data gathered by Tycho Brahe and discovered that
the orbits of planets where …
Cosmological Events
A. Solstice – represents the shortest and longest periods of daylight
Winter solstice -
(Northern hemisphere - Dec. 21)
Summer solstice
(Northern hemisphere - June 21)
B. Seasons and Earth's Tilt
C. Equinox – represents periods of …
________________ equinox – occurs in the fall (Northern hemisphere - Sept. 22)
________________ equinox – occurs in the spring (Northern hemisphere - Mar. 21)
5
Questions and Answers
1. How fast is the Earth Traveling Around the Sun?
The Earth completes a full orbit (approximately 940 million km) around the sun in about …
Considering that each day has 24 hrs, the speed of our planet around the Sun is about
____________________or 1 788 432.2 m/s.
2. How does the earth’s rotation affect us?
There are two important movements that affect the Earth.
The first is the rotation of the Earth around an invisible axis. It takes the Earth about
______hours to finish one complete rotation. This motion is responsible for days and nights.
The second important movement that affects the Earth is its revolution around the Sun. One
revolution takes …
Acting together, these two movements create variations in temperature, weather, and in the
seasons.
3. How and why does the earth spin, and how fast?
The Earth has been spinning since the beginning of the Solar System, when it was formed.
Since it is already spinning, it will continue until something stops it. This is called the
conservation of linear momentum.
The rotational speed of the Earth depends on where you are. At the equator, the speed is
about …
To find the rotational speed where you live, take the cosine of your latitude, and multiply it by
the speed at the equator. For example, the speed at a latitude of 60 degrees, the speed would
be cos(60)x1670=835km/hr.
1.2
Discovery Through Technology
1. What is the speed of light?
2. What is the name of the closest star to Earth (other than the Sun)? How far away is
it?
3. Define AU
4. Define Light Year
5. How long does light from the sun take to reach the Earth?
6
6. What is the Hubble Space Telescope?
7. Light from the sun takes about _______ to reach Earth
8. Light from Pluto takes _____ to reach Earth
9. Light from stars in our galaxy take about _________ to
reach Earth
10. Hubble is seeing images as old as ________ yrs old.
1.3 The Distribution of Matter in Space
Stars - Stars are super sized _____________ with large nuclear fusion reactions
continuously emitting energy. They can vary in size from …
A Star is Born - Stars are created in areas of gas and dust called ___________ which are
slowly attracted to each other. As the mass of the collection increases, the
____________ begins to rotate and collect more interstellar matter.
As the mass gets larger the gravitation of the protostar increases, compressing the
matter and increasing the temperature to 10 million C and hydrogen is changed to
________________.
Life and Death of a Star
Stars have a life cycle.
A star is defined by mass as being either …
Both types of stars spend most of their lives in what’s called the
___________________ converting _______________ to
_____________ in their core.
The outward pressure generated by fusion is counteracted by gravity and the star is stable in
this phase. Stars remain in this state for …
As the nuclear fuel of the star runs out so does the energy required to keep the gases
together and the star expands dramatically.
A sun-like star become a …
A massive star becomes a …
7
Our sun will expand to the orbit of Mars, using fuel at even a greater rate. (Not to worry, our
Sun will not run out of fuel for …
Once the gases in the Sun run out, the star contracts to 1/10 of the original size and is called
a…
Eventually the star will cool until it no longer emits light, becoming a …
It takes so long for this cooling process to occur that there are no known black dwarfs in our
universe.
In super giants, the residual star is so dense and gravitationally unstable that a
__________________ (solar explosion) may result.
If the star is not completely destroyed by the explossion, the collapsed core left as a ...
A neutron star is a ____________________ only about 30 Km in diameter.
A black hole is the …
Its gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape!
By the way, black holes are invisible to telescopes. However, material close to a black hole
emits a tremendous amount of light so we can see them indirectly.
8
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams
Studies of the stars have produced data collected by various means to plot HertzsprungRussell diagrams, which show how the …
Note that the surface temperature of a star ______________________ and the luminosity
_______________________.
Constellations: Grouping of stars we see as …
Asterisms: Unofficially recognized …
eg. Big Dipper (is actually part of the constellation …
9
Galaxies
Our solar system is inside a large galaxy known as the _____________. All of the stars you
can see at night and several hundred billion more are all bound together gravitationally into a
huge cluster called a …
To people of long ago, this band looked like milk that had been spilled along a pathway, so it was
called the Milky Way.
Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is …
It has an elliptical bulge in the center and a spherical halo that is denser closer to the Galaxy
center. It is about 100,000 light years across and our solar system is about two-thirds of the
way out from the center.
Did You Know?
You can make a rough guess of the number of stars in our galaxy by dividing the Galaxy's total
mass by the mass of a typical star (e.g., 1 solar mass). The result is about 200 billion stars! The
actual number of stars could be several tens of billions less or more than this approximate
value.
Recently, astronomers have discovered that most of the mass of the Galaxy (and other
galaxies) is not in the form of stars, gas, or dust. It is made of some other material, yet
unknown, and is given the descriptive name “dark matter”.
There are millions of galaxies each with millions of stars.
Spiral galaxies have flattened disks with a spiral pattern in the disk.
Elliptical galaxies are smooth and elliptical in appearance.
Irregular galaxies have no definite structure. The stars are bunched up
but the patches are randomly distributed throughout the galaxy.
10
The Life Cycle of a Star
11
1.3 The Distribution of Matter in Space
Reference: read page 384 - 391 in Science in Action 9 text.
A ____________________is a glowing ball of gas composed mainly of __________________ that
gives of a tremendous amount of _________________.
Our Sun has a mass ____________times greater than the Earth.
Its density is about ___________ times greater than ___________________.
_______________ is _________________ times larger than our Sun.
Very hot stars are _____________________.
Cooler stars are ______________________.
What did the two scientists, Hertzsprung and Norris do in the 1920's?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
The Birth of a Star
Stars are born in regions of space where there are large accumulations of gas and dust called
__________________________.
Each of these nebula is composed of:
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
c. ____________________________________
What is interstellar matter? _____________________________________________________
Describe in two sentences how a star is created.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
The Life and Death of Stars
What is the difference between a sun like star and a massive star?
_____________________________________________________________________________
12
Describe the main sequence of stars.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Define the following terms:
1. red giant: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. red super giant: __________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. white dwarf: ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. black dwarf: _______________________________________________________________
5. supernova: ________________________________________________________________
6. neutron star: _______________________________________________________________
7. black hole: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Star Groups
_____________________________ are groupings of stars we see as patterns in the night sky.
 There are ____________ of these recognized by the _________________________
 some examples include: ________________________________________________
Asterisms are ________________________________________________________________
 some examples include: ________________________________________________
Galaxies
A galaxy is ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
We live in the ________________________________________
It is called a ________________________ galaxy.
Three Types of Galaxies
a. ______________________________________
b. ______________________________________
c. ______________________________________
13
1.4 Our Solar Neighborhood
The formation of our solar system is based on the ‘protoplanet hypothesis’, which follows three
steps:
1. A cloud of …
2. Most of the matter (more than 90% of it) accumulates in the center – forming …
3. The remaining materials accumulate (forming …
•
Astronomers have determined the age of the universe to be …
A. The Sun - The sun is at the center of our …
Our sun is one million times bigger than Earth and has a diameter 110 times wider than
Earth.
The surface of the sun is …
The core is …
The Sun emits charged particles in all directions. This solar wind bombards the Earth at
400km/s, but the ____________________ of the Earth protects us.
B. The Planets - every planet that makes up our solar system has it’s own unique features
and characteristics. Planets in our solar system are classified as either:
1. Earth-like (Terrestrial,
Inner Planets) –
2. Jovian (Jupiter like,
Outer Planets) 14
Planets Assignment Read P. 394-396 Take notes on the nine planets
Planet
Date
Discovered
Mass
Number
of
Moons
Average
Surface
Temperature
# of
rotations
per
Earth
day
Period of
orbital
Revolutions
Interesting
Facts
15
C. Asteroids - Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter lies a narrow
belt of small ________ ranging in size from a few meters to several
hundred kilometers across. The largest known asteroid is …
D. Comets - “________________”. They are made of
_______________ traveling through space. When they get close to the sun they
heat up and emit light. Gases are also released. The __________________ appear
as the comet's tail. Some comet tails can be millions of km long. Usually comets spend
their time orbiting the outer reaches of our solar system and are not visible from
Earth
Eg. Haley’s Comet is caught in a large elliptical orbit around the sun
and is visible from Earth every 76 yrs. The last time it was seen was
1986, so look for it in the year …
E. Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites
Meteoroids are small pieces of _______ (can be as small as a grain of
sand or as large as a car) flying through space with no particular path.
We usually are only aware of them once they enter our atmosphere and
heat up due to friction, giving off _______. Once in our atmosphere
they are called …
Most meteors ____________ in the atmosphere.
If the meteor lasts long enough to impact on the Earth’s surface it is called a …
Elliptical paths can help Astronomers and scientists to trace and predict where bodies in
space are, have been and will be in the future. The understanding of orbits has led to the
discovery of many different comets. NASA tracks asteroids, comets and meteors that
have been discovered by observatories and amateur astronomers.
For Review do Check and Reflect P. 400 #1-12
16
1.4 Our Solar Neighbourhood
Reference: read page 392 - 400 in Science in Action 9 text.
The Protoplanet Hypothesis
Three Steps
1.
___________________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________
The Sun
The Sun is almost ______________________ times wider than the ___________________.
A ______________ Earth's would fit into the Sun.
Temperature of the Sun
Surface: _________________
Core:
_________________
Solar Wind _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The Planets
Solar System Divided in Two Planetary Groups
a. _________________________________ which are Earth like and closer to the Sun.
b _________________________________ large and gaseous and far from the Sun.
The Nine Planets Listed in order from closest to the Sun to furthest.
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
6. ____________________
7. ____________________
8. ____________________
9. ____________________
17
Other Bodies in the Solar System
Asteroids are _______________________________________________________________.
They are found between the orbits of __________________ and ______________________.
They can range in sizes from _____________________________________________.
The largest asteroid is ____________________, which is over _____________________ wide.
Comets are __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Halley's comet is visible from Earth every _____________ years.
If it was last seen in 1986, when will we see it again? __________________
Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites
Define the Following Terms
a. meteoroids: ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. meteor: ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
c. meteorite: __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What is a solar eclipse?
____________________________________________________________________________
What is a lunar eclipse?
____________________________________________________________________________
What does the term NASA stand for?
____________________________________________________________________________
What is unique about Venus, Uranus, and Pluto when compared to the other planets?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
18
1.5 Describing the Position of Objects in Space
To locate an object in space two questions must be answered:
1.
2.
This can be solved with two measurements
1.
Azimuth
•
0 is
•
90 is
•
180 is
•
270 is
2. Altitude
•
0 at
•
90
•
Zenith is the
•
The _____________________ is the imaginary dome that allows us to describe
the position of an object in the sky.
•
Objects Motion in Space
•
Definitions:
•
–
Equinox: Sun is directly above the ______________. The day and night are
the ______ length (2 times a year).
–
Solstice: Sun is directly above one of the Cancers. The
________________________ day of the year.
–
Ecliptic Path: The path along which the sun ______________ (Earth’s
orbit).
Do P. 405 #1-7,9,10 and Assess your Learning on P. 406 #1-13
19
p.402
1.5
Position of Planet Lab
Problem: Determine the position of 2 planets.
Procedure:
1. Find azimuth using a _______________________.
2. Find altitude using a _______________________.
Draw and describe how you built this.
Sketch:
Data:
Observatory
Saturn
A
B
C
D
E
F
azimuth
altitude
Jupiter
azimuth
altitude
Analysis: Do questions 8-10, p.403
20
1.5 Describing the Position of Objects in Space
-Reference: read page 401 - 404 in Science in Action 9 text.
To Locate the Position of an Object in Space
Need Two Things
a. ____________________
b. ____________________
Describe Azimuth _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Describe Altitude _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________ refers to the highest point directly overhead.
Celestial Dome
Label the following diagram using Fig 1.35 page 401 to guide you
Determining the Motion of Objects in Space
The term planet comes from the _____________ word meaning _______________________.
The ecliptic is _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
On a separate sheet of paper do Assess Your Learning page 406 #1-13.
•
Do P. 405 #1-7,9,10
•
Do Assess your Learning on P. 406 #1-13
21
S9 UE SECTION 2
SPACE EXPLORATION
2.1 Getting There: Technologies in Space Transport
Rocket History
100 AD - Chinese experiment with __________. First Rockets are
produced
1231 - Chinese Mongol War. Chinese used rockets against the Mongols who were
besieging the city of Kai-fung-fu. An arrow with a tube of gunpowder produced an
arrow of flying fire.
1700 - Sir Isaac Newton laid down the laws for the principal of
rocketry Newton’s 3rd Law:
1926 - Robert Goddard (Germany) His first rocket climbed
12.5m
1942 - Germany launches V-2 Rocket powered by …
1957 - SPUTNIK - Soviets launch first …
A month later . . .the first dog in space. Laika aboard a space capsule obits the Earth
for 7 days.
Between 1959 and 1971, NASA spacecraft were dispatched to study the Moon .They
also scanned the inner planets Earth, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Later in the 70’s
various pioneer and voyager space crafts were sent to take images of Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune and then later Mars and Venus
1962 - Canada become the 3rd nation to (after the Soviet Union, and the USA) to put a
satellite into orbit.
1961 - First man in space. Soviet Yuri Gagarin becomes first _____ to orbit the Earth.
1969 - ________________________. Apollo 11 Mission puts Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin on the moon.
22
NASA Manned Space Flight History
1. Project Mercury- Initiated in 1958, completed in 1963, Project Mercury was the
United States' first man-in-space program.
2. Project Gemini - The second U.S. manned space program was announced in January
1962. Gemini involved 12 flights, including two unmanned flight tests of the equipment.
3. Project Apollo - Six of the missions -- Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 -- went on to
land on the moon, studying soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging,
magnetic fields and solar wind. Apollos 7 and 9 tested spacecraft in Earth orbit; Apollo
10 orbited the moon as the dress rehearsal for the first landing. An oxygen tank
explosion forced Apollo 13 to scrub its landing, but the "can-do" problem solving of the
crew and mission control turned the mission into a "successful failure."
4. Apollo-Soyuz - The mission started with the Russian Soyuz launch on July 15, 1975,
followed by the U.S. Apollo launch on the same day. Docking in space of the two craft
occurred on July 17, and joint operations were conducted for two full days. Both
spacecraft landed safely and on schedule.
5. Space Shuttle - The Space Shuttle is a viable part of American History. Standing
as one of NASA's foremost projects, the shuttle has accomplished many tasks that
have enhanced the quality of …
The Future of Space Travel
1. Ion Drives - ________________ is electrically charged, accelerated, then
emitted as exhaust. Thrust generated by an ion drive is 10 000 times weaker than
today's chemically fuel rockets, however the force generated lasts a very long time
and uses very little energy. In space a little amount of force
goes a long way. Ion drives may be useful when traveling
great distance in space.
2. Solar Sails - The sun emits electromagnetic energy in
the form of photons. The carbon fiber solar sail would
catch these photons and potentially propel a space craft up
to ____ times faster than current space crafts.
23
3. The International Space Station - Currently orbiting the earth at an altitude of
350 Km. Joint project between 16 nations including the USA, Canada, Japan, Russia,
and Brazil as well as 11 European Nations. The space station is in a Low Earth Orbit,
and can be seen from Earth with the naked eye.
It orbits at an altitude of approximately 350 km above
the surface of the Earth travelling at an average speed
of ____________ completing ______ orbits per day.
4. The Next Step - Scientists believe the best place
to begin an interplanetary flight is from a space station
or even the moon.
2.1 Getting There: Technologies for Space Transport
Reference: read page 409 - 417 in Science in Action 9 text.
Robotic space probes have investigated all planets except ___________________.
What speed must be achieved in order to overcome Earth's gravitational force? ___________.
What did the Greek mathematician Archytas do and when? ____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
In the first century, what did the Chinese do? ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What was the first Country to launch an artificial satellite? ______________________________
When was the launch? ___________________________
What was the satellite called? _______________________________
What were the first three countries to launch a satellite?
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
When did Canada launch its first satellite? ____________________
What was the name of this satellite? _________________________
24
The Science of Rocketry
For Every Action, There is an Equal and Opposite Reaction
Three Basic Part of a Rocket
1. ___________________________________ are everything _________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________ include any number of materials like _______________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________ which are materials _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The Future of Space Transport Technology
Ions Drives
Describe what an Ion drive is.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
How much thrust does an ion drive create?
__________________________________________
Explain how this little bit of thrust energy is able to propel a spacecraft.
____________________________________________________________________________
Solar Sails
Describe how solar sails work.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Three Types of Spacecraft in Use
1.
2.
3.
The International Space Station
What altitude is the station orbiting at? ________________________
How many nations are involved? ______________________________
List the top 5 nations.
______________________, ______________________, ______________________,
______________________, ______________________.
25
p.411
QuickLAB
Stabilizing Rocket Flight
Purpose:
Hypothesis:
My rocket will fly ______ m without fins.
My rocket will fly ______ m with fins.
Diagram:
Data:
Style
Distance Rocket Flew
Without fins
______ m
With fins
______ m
Do questions 6 & 7.
26
2.2 Surviving There: Technologies for Living in Space
Outside of the Earth’s thin atmosphere lies the cold vacuum of space. An
environment hostile to humans in many ways.
NASA is close to having the technology to send humans to Mars and back, however, a
mission like this would take …
A. Hazards of Living in Space
1. Environmental Hazards 


2. Psychological Challenges to Confined Living: Close, confined quarters for long
periods of time.
3. Effects of Microgravity on the Body - In conditions of weightlessness the body
undergoes many changes: __________________________________ and heart rate
is affected. In space an astronaut is almost completely …
On Mars an astronaut would weigh ______ of what he/she weighs on Earth.
B. Recycling Water in Space - The International Space Station will be using a device
that can recycle almost 100% of the water on the space station (including waste water
and water in the atmosphere).
The ECLSS Water Recycling System (WRS), will reclaim waste waters from the Space
Shuttle's fuel cells, from ________________________________, and by
condensing humidity from the air.
Without such careful recycling _____________ pounds per year of water from Earth
would be required to resupply a minimum of four crewmembers for the life of the
station.
C. Producing Oxygen in Space - ________________ uses electricity to split water
into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is vented into space. The oxygen produced can
supply most of the crews needs.
D. Space Suits - Must supply __________________________________, and even a
portable ____________. Must be flexible and allow movement.
27
Eg. Mercury and Gemini Space Suits, Apollo Space Suits
2.2 Surviving There: Technologies for Living in Space.
Reference: read page 418 - 425 in Science in Action 9 text.
Three Hazards of Living in Space
1. _____________________________
Space is a ________________________
Some hazards include: ________________________
______________________
________________________
______________________
________________________
______________________
2. ______________________________
Explain how this "challenge" can be a hazard.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________
What is the difference between gravity and microgravity.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
28
What effect does living in space for extended periods of time have on:
a. bones: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
b. muscles: _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
The Space Suit
List some characteristics/features that a space suit must possess in order to be functional for a
V particular astronaut.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
A Home in Space
In order for a human to live in space at least 4 major features must by addressed. They are:
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
Recycling Water
In order to survive long periods in space enough water must be available. Almost ________ %
of the water is recycled. This includes ___________________, ______________________ and
______________________________.
On the International Space Station it has the _______________________________________
________________________________, designed to ensure life support.
Functions Include:
a. ___________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________________
Producing Oxygen
How can oxygen be produced in space? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
29
2.3 Using Space Technology to meet human needs
Satellites
a. Artificial satellites:
b. Natural satellites:
Uses of Satellites






A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused
by a disturbance in space weather. It is caused by a _______________________
which typically strikes the Earth's magnetic field 24 to 36 hours after the event.
Geosynchronous Orbit - Satellite moves at same rate as ___________________.
Satellite is always positioned over ________ location on Earth.
Low Earth Orbit - 200 – 1000 Km in altitude. Usually used for remote sensing (taking
______________ to make observations of the Earth)
GPS ________________________________. 24 global positioning satellites orbit
the Earth which means that at least 3 are above any given location on our planet at any
given moment.
30
________________________ from the satellites are picked up by GPS units and the
users location is triangulated.
Triangulation via GPS Satellites
List 5 Space Age Materials:
2.3 Using Space Technology to Meet Human Needs on Earth
Reference: Read page 427. 433 in Science In Action 9 text.
A satellite is ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Satellites play a major role in our lives by performing various functions from space.
These include:
a. _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________
31
Four Different Uses For Satellites
1. _______________________________________________
How has satellites improved our method of communication?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
What country was the first in the world to use satellites to transmit television broadcasts?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
What does it mean if a satellite has a geosynchronous orbit?
______________________________________________________________________
Why is this an important feature for a weather satellite?
______________________________________________________________________
What are the names of two of Canada's observation satellites?
a. ____________________________
b. ____________________________
3. _______________________________________________
At what altitude do remote sensing satellites orbit the Earth at?
________________________________________________
Remote sensing is a ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________
The Global Positioning System (GPS) allows people to ________________________
______________________________________________________________________
How many GPS satellites are in orbit around Earth? __________________
32
S9 UE
3.1
Using Technology to See the Visible
Optical Telescopes
1608 Dutch optician Hans Lippershey makes one of first
telescopes. Galileo is first person credited for using it to look
at …
Optical telescopes simply ____________________ from
distant stars so we can see it.
There are two types of Optical Telescopes:
1. Refracting telescopes: Use ___________. Limited to 1m diameter
2. Reflecting Telescopes: Use ____________
mirrors. One of the largest reflecting mirrors
in the world is in Russia and has a diameter of
6m. Segmented mirrors are used to make even
more powerful reflecting telescopes.
Interferometry - Using a combination of telescopes together to obtain more
detailed …
33
Hubble Space Telescope (HST)- A ____________
telescope orbiting 600 Km above the Earth, 13m in
length and 4.4m in diameter, 1 trip around the Earth
takes 95min. HST has discovered many galaxies not
visible from Earth.
3.2
Using Technology to See Beyond the Visible
Stars and galaxies emit more than just visible light. They also emit radio
waves, infrared (heat) waves, and x-rays. These are all forms of …
All forms of EMR travel at the speed of ______ (300 000Km/s) but have
different wavelengths and frequencies.
Wavelength: The measurement from one
point on a wave to the same point on the
next wave. Usually crest to crest, or trough
to trough.
We measure wavelength in …
1 µm =
Frequency: the number of …
(usually measured in Hz).
Since all electromagnetic energy travels at the
same speed, as wavelength increases, the
frequency _______________. This is an
inverse relationship.
34
Light is only a small part of the …
1. Radio Telescopes
Radio telescopes gather radio waves from distant stars, nebula, galaxies,
and planets. Radio waves are not affected by weather, time of day,
clouds, pollution, or the atmosphere. Radio telescopes have been used to
map out the …
2. Radio Interferometry
Multiple radio telescopes combined for greater resolving power. The
greater the distance between telescopes the greater the accuracy. The
more telescopes used, the greater the accuracy. A group of telescopes
used together is called an …
3. Gamma-rays and x-rays are also being used to study …
4. Space Probes - Unmanned satellites or …
35
3.2 Using Technology to See Beyond the Visible
Reference: Read 440-445 in Science in Action 9 text.
Optical telescopes are only useful at viewing objects that emit _____________________
Objects in space like ________________ and _________________ can also emit other
types of energy waves such as: __________________________
__________________________
__________________________
These are all forms of __________________________ energy.
All of these forms travel at ___________________________, __________________ but have
different ______________________ and _____________________ from those of light.
Wavelength is _________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Frequency is __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Energy with ______________ frequency has a ___________________
wavelength.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum is ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Radio Telescopes
A radio telescope is _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 Major Advantages of a Radio Telescope Over Optical Telescopes
a. ______________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________
Radio telescopes are made of _______________________________
36
What is radio interferometry?
___________________________________________________________________________
Explain how a radio telescope is able to detect a planet revolving around a star when an optical
telescope cannot.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Space Probes
A space probe is _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Probes have been sent to all planets except __________________________________.
The only other object in the solar system to be physically explored by man, besides Earth, is the
___________________.
This was first accomplished by the ____________________ mission in _____________
3.3 Using Technology to Interpret Space
A. Measuring Distance
Triangulation - By measuring the angles between a _____________ and
the target object (such as a tree or tower) you can determine the
_________________ to that object.
You must know the length of one side of the triangle (baseline) and the
measures of the two angles at each end of the baseline. Label the
baseline:
See P. 447
37
Parallax - The apparent ______________________ of an object when
the object is viewed from two different places.
Astronomers use a star’s apparent shift in position relative to the
background stars to determine what angles to use when
triangulating the stars distance from Earth.
With triangulation, the __________ the baseline, the more accurate the
results. The longest baseline we can use from Earth is the diameter of
the Earth’s ________. The measurement is taken 6 months apart.
B. Determining a Star’s Composition
White light is a combination of ___________ and can
be separated into its component colours (visible
spectrum). Light is a form of energy and is only part of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
When light from a star is refracted, distinct dark bands in distinct
sequences and thicknesses appear in their spectra. Each element in a star
absorbs light at different wavelengths creating its own “signature”
______________.
By analyzing the spectra of refracted light from a star with an
instrument called a ____________________, astronomers can
determine the composition of the star.
38
C. Determining a Star’s Direction
The Doppler Effect - Sound waves become compressed
in front of a moving object and stretched behind it.
This makes the pitch _________ as the object moves
towards you and _________ as it moves away from you.
Like sound, ________ also travels in waves and is affected by the
Doppler effect. Changes in the wavelength of light can be used to
measure how fast and in what direction a light-emitting object is moving.
The dark spectrum lines of an approaching star will be shifted to the ___
side of the spectrum as the wavelengths of light are being compressed.
For a star moving away from the Earth the dark lines will be shifted to
the _____ side of the spectrum as the light waves are being stretched.
The Doppler effect is used in ______ guns by the police to measure the
speed of vehicles, as well as by weather networks to predict …
3.3 Triangulation Practice
How far away is the tree in this picture?
39
Astronomy Chapter 3 Review
40
S9 U E
4.0 Society and The Environment Are Affected By Space
Exploration and Space Technologies
From cancer treatment and pacemakers, to Teflon and flat screen
TV, the technological benefits from space research are everywhere.
4.1 The risks and Dangers of Space Exploration
Space accidents - Either during operations or training for spaceflights,
___ astronauts have been killed (five percent of all people who have been
in space) :
three on Apollo 1
one on Soyuz 1
one on X-15-3
three on Soyuz 11
_____ on Challenger
_____ on Columbia
2003, February 1: Columbia structural failure during re-entry :The
Space Shuttle Columbia was lost as it reentered after a two-week
mission.
Damage to the shuttle's thermal protection system (TPS) led to
structural failure in the shuttle's left wing and, ultimately, the
spacecraft breaking apart.
Damage to the reinforced carbon-carbon leading edge wing panel had
resulted from a piece of insulation foam breaking away from the external
tank during the launch and hitting shuttle's wing.
Rick D. Husband, William McCool, Michael P. Anderson, David M. Brown,
Kalpana Chawla, Laurel B. Clark, and Ilan Ramon were killed.
41
Dangers include:
Returning to earth also has dangers. Explain why. (see p. 458)
Space junk - pieces of debris from …
Since 1957, more than _______ missions have been sent into space, each
left some debris.
How does space junk pose a risk to earth? (see p. 459)
4.1 The Risks and Dangers of Space Exploration
Reference: Read page 456 - 459 in Science In Action 9 text.
In
the three member crew of
died during a
when a fire broke out on board the
In
the space shuttle
exploded shortly after
killing a
astronauts.
about
satellites were orbiting Earth. Only about
Info Bit
By mid
are actually working.
The
mission was the first to land on the moon in
42
The Dangers of Manned Space Travel
What are several risks / dangers associated with space travel?
Space Junk refers to
Examples:
The Hazards in Space
Since
, more than
missions have been sent to
Even though this debris is very small, it can be dangerous.
Explain this statement
The Hazards on Earth
Explain how Space Junk poses a threat to life on Earth.
43
4.2. Canadian Contributions to Space Exploration and Observation
Landing Gear on the Eagle Lunar Lander was designed and made in Canada
Canadarm - One of the most notable Canadian contributions to the
international space program is the
‘Canadarm’.
Launched in 1981 it has served a very
useful purpose on many missions,
including …
Canadarm 2 is currently operating as a vital part of the …
It has three main parts:
Remote manipulator system – seven motorized joints assists with
docking shuttles and carrying large payloads.
Mobile base system – can travel along a rail system to move to
different parts of the station.
Special purpose dexterous manipulator – uses its two-armed
robotic hands for delicate assembly work.
Canada has also launched satellites into orbit:
Name 3 purposes of our satellites:
44
Brief Summary of Canada’s Contributions in Space:
• 1839 – Sir Edward Sabine establishes the 1st magnetic observatory
and discovers that the Aurora Borealis is associated with sunspot activity
• 1962 – 3rd nation to launch a …
• 1969 – supplied landing gear for Apollo 11
• 1981 – Canadarm 1 used for the first time in space
• 1984 – 1st astronaut –
• 1992 – 1st female astronaut –
• 1997 – Technology for the Mars Pathfinder Mission –
• 2001 – _____________________ - 1st Canadian to walk in space – he
helped deliver the Canadarm 2 to the ISS.
45
4.2 Canadian Contributions to Space Exploration and Observation
Reference: Read page 460 - 463 in Science In Action 9 text.
The robotic arm,
in
______
was originally designed by
_______________
, where it first flew on the space shuttle ______________________________.
Some of the functions of the Canadarm are:
How has the Canadarm 2 been improved since the first robotic arm?
Complete the following timeline.
1839
1962
1969
1984
1992
1997
2001
46