Download The Axial Skeleton

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R E V I E W
S H E E T
NAME ____________________________________
EXERCISE
LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
10
The Axial Skeleton
The Skull
1. First, match the bone names in column B with the descriptions in column A (the items in column B may be used more than
once). Then, circle the bones in column B that are cranial bones.
Column B
Column A
b; frontal
1.
forehead bone
n; zygomatic
2.
cheekbone
e; mandible
3.
lower jaw
g; nasal
4.
bridge of nose
i; palatine
5.
posterior bones of the hard palate
j; parietal
6.
much of the lateral and superior cranium
h; occipital
7.
most posterior part of cranium
k; sphenoid
8.
single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial floor
d; lacrimal
9.
tiny bones bearing tear ducts
f; maxilla
10.
anterior part of hard palate
a; ethmoid
11.
superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections
l; temporal
12.
site of mastoid process
k; sphenoid
13.
site of sella turcica
a; ethmoid
14.
site of cribriform plate
e; mandible
15.
site of mental foramen
l; temporal
16.
site of styloid processes
a; ethmoid
, b; frontal
, f; maxilla
, and
k; sphenoid
17.
four bones containing paranasal sinuses
h; occipital
18.
condyles here articulate with the atlas
h; occipital
19.
foramen magnum contained here
c; hyoid
20.
small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach
l; temporal
21.
middle ear found here
m; vomer (a; ethmoid)
22.
nasal septum
a; ethmoid
23.
bears an upward protrusion, the “cock’s comb,” or crista galli
e; mandible
, f; maxilla
24.
a.
ethmoid
b.
frontal
c.
hyoid
d.
lacrimal
e.
mandible
f.
maxilla
g.
nasal
h.
occipital
i.
palatine
j.
parietal
k.
sphenoid
l.
temporal
m. vomer
n.
zygomatic
contain alveoli bearing teeth
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2. Using choices from the numbered key to the right, identify all bones (line with ball on end), sutures (line with arrowhead on
end), and bone markings provided with leader lines in the two diagrams below.
Key: 1. carotid canal
29
2
9
2. coronal suture
23
3. ethmoid bone
34
8
4. external occipital protuberance
5. foramen lacerum
33
28
6. foramen magnum
30
7. foramen ovale
8. frontal bone
35
9. glabella
3
10. incisive
12
15
11. inferior nasal concha
22
12. inferior orbital fissure
37
13. infraorbital foramen
11
14. jugular foramen
13
15. lacrimal bone
36
16. mandible
20
17. mandibular
21
18. mandibular symphysis
19. mastoid process
16
18
20. maxilla
10
)
sa
s
(fo
27
21. mental foramen
13
22. middle nasal concha of ethmoid
20
26
23. nasal bone
24. occipital bone
37
25. occipital condyle
26. palatine bone
38
30
27. palatine process of maxilla
28. parietal bone
36
7
29. sagittal suture
(fossa 17
)
30. sphenoid bone
31
5
31. styloid process
19
32. stylomastoid foramen
1
34. supraorbital foramen
35
32
35. temporal bone
14
36. vomer
25
37. zygomatic bone
28
38. zygomatic process of temporal bone
4
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33. superior orbital fissure
6
24
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3. Define suture. Fibrous joint between skull bones.
4. With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception. Joint(s) between the mandible and
temporal bones.
5. What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture?
occipital and parietal
What bones are connected by the squamous suture?
temporal and parietal
6. Name the eight bones of the cranium.
frontal
occipital
right parietal
left parietal
sphenoid
ethmoid
right temporal
left temporal
(1) Lighten the skull, (2) resonance chambers for speech.
7. Give two possible functions of the sinuses. ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bony socket for the eye.
8. What is the orbit? ____________________________________________________________________________________
Ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillary,
What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit? _________________________________________________________
palatine
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
It articulates with all of the other cranial bones.
9. Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor? _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Vertebral Column
10. The distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the vertebral column are noted below. Correctly identify each
described structure by choosing a response from the key.
Key: a.
b.
c.
atlas
axis
cervical vertebra—typical
d.
e.
coccyx
lumbar vertebra
f.
g.
sacrum
thoracic vertebra
c; cervical (also a & b)
1.
vertebral type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral
arteries ascend to reach the brain
b; axis
2.
dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)
g; thoracic
3.
transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply
downward
f; sacrum
4.
composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally
e; lumbar
5.
massive vertebrae; weight-sustaining
d; coccyx
6.
“tail bone”; vestigial fused vertebrae
a; atlas
7.
supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles
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11. Using the key, correctly identify the vertebral parts/areas described below. (More than one choice may apply in some cases.)
Also use the key letters to correctly identify the vertebral areas in the diagram.
Key: a.
b.
c.
body
intervertebral foramina
lamina
d.
e.
f.
pedicle
spinous process
superior articular facet
i
1.
cavity enclosing the nerve cord
a
2.
weight-bearing portion of the vertebra
3.
provide levers against which muscles pull
a
, g
4.
provide an articulation point for the ribs
5.
openings providing for exit of spinal nerves
6.
structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord
, h
e
h
c
d
, g
a
transverse process
vertebral arch
vertebral foramen
g
e
b
g.
h.
i.
f
i
a
Via the intervertebral foramina found between the pedicles
12. Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column. _________________________________________________
of adjacent vertebrae.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column.
Intervertebral discs
curvatures
________________________________________________
and ______________________________________________
Fibrocartilage
14. What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs? ______________________________________________________
A ruptured disc in which a portion of the disc protrudes outward.
15. What is a herniated disc? ______________________________________________________________________________
It might compress a nerve, leading to pain and possibly paralysis.
What problems might it cause? _________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thoracic
sacral
16. Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth? __________________________
and ____________________________
The cervical curvature develops when the baby begins to
Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop? _________________________________________________
raise its head independently. The lumbar curvature forms when the baby begins to walk (assumes upright posture).
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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17. On this illustration of an articulated vertebral column, identify each curvature indicated and label it as a primary or a secondary curvature. Also identify the structures provided with leader lines, using the letters of the terms listed in the key below.
Key: a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
atlas
axis
intervertebral disc
sacrum
two thoracic vertebrae
two lumbar vertebrae
vertebra prominens
a
b
Cervical–secondary
(curvature)
g
e
Thoracic–primary
(curvature)
c
f
Lumbar–secondary
(curvature)
d
Sacral–primary
(curvature)
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The Thoracic Cage
ribs
18. The major bony components of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ________________________________
and the sternum
.
A true rib has its own costal cartilage attachment to the sternum; a false
19. Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib. _____________________________________________________________
rib attaches to the sternum indirectly or not at all.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Is a floating rib a true or a false rib? False
Inverted cone shape
20. What is the general shape of the thoracic cage? ____________________________________________________________
21. Using the terms in the key, identify the regions and landmarks of the bony thorax.
c
Key: a.
f
j
b
b.
clavicular notch
h
g
c.
costal cartilage
d.
false ribs
e.
floating ribs
f.
jugular notch
g.
manubrium
h.
sternal angle
i.
sternum
j.
true ribs
k.
xiphisternal joint
l.
xiphoid process
a
i
l
k
d
e
L1 vertebra
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body
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E
X
E
R
C
I
S
E
11
The Appendicular Skeleton
Time Allotment: 2 hours.
Multimedia Resources: See Appendix B for Guide to Multimedia Resource Distributors.
Anatomy of a Runner (Structure and Function of the Lower Limb) (DE: 38 minutes, DVD)
Anatomy of the Hand (FHS: 14 minutes, VHS, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast)
Anatomy of the Shoulder (FHS: 18 minutes, VHS, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast)
Bones and Joints (FHS: 20 minutes, VHS, DVD, 3-year streaming webcast)
Interactive Foot and Ankle (LP: CD-ROM)
Interactive Shoulder (LP: CD-ROM)
Practice Anatomy Lab™ 3.0 (PAL) (BC: CD-ROM, Website)
Laboratory Materials
Ordering information is based on a lab size of 24 students, working in groups of 4. A list of supply
house addresses appears in Appendix A.
6–12 disarticulated skeletons
2 articulated skeletons (one male, one
female)
1 articulated male pelvis
1 articulated female pelvis
X rays of bones of the appendicular
skeleton
Advance Preparation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Have articulated skeletons (male and female) available.
Set out disarticulated skeletons. One per group of 3–4 students is ideal.
Set out male and female articulated pelves in a demonstration area.
Set out blunt probes, pipe cleaners, or unsharpened pencils with erasers for use during bone identification.
Set out X rays of bones of the appendicular skeleton.
Comments and Pitfalls
1. Students may have trouble distinguishing between right and left samples of bones. Remind them to review
the bone markings before checking the disarticulated skeleton.
2. Stress the importance of bony landmarks for muscle location and identification.
Answers to Pre-Lab Quiz (p. 145)
1. appendicular
2. pectoral
3. scapulae
4. b, humerus
5. metacarpals
6. Female
7. a, femur
8. patella
9. true
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