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Warm-up: (10-11-16) *ch.7-3 video notes and American Serengeti/rubric out for stamp! 1. What is mimicry? 2. Give an example of exploitation and interference competition. 3. Legumes show what type of symbiotic relationship? Between what two organisms? 4. Give 1 example of mutualism and of commensalism. Q/A: Contrast primary and secondary succession. Give 1 example of a disturbance. What is a climax community? Give an example of a pioneer species. What is typically the first pioneer species in the early stages of primary succession? How long does it take to produce soil to start primary succession? Chapter 5-3 Goals for today: Describe character displacement Contrast resilience, constancy, and inertia Explain the theory of island biogeography and intermediate disturbance hypothesis Character Displacement When niches overlap, there is competition. Divergent evolution can reduce the amount of competition Evolutionary process where a beneficial adaptation can “displace” an older one. The characters involved can be morphological, behavioral, or physiological Ex. Galapagos finches. When the two species occur together on the same island, the g. fuliginosa’s beak is much narrower than the g. fortis and they eat smaller seeds. When the two species are on different islands, their beaks are both medium sized and they eat a wider variety of seeds. Resource partitioning What causes character displacement to take place? Hawaiian Islands Movement of the plate over the hot spot in the crust creates the next island in the chain. Which island is the oldest? Youngest? Which way is the plate moving? Ecosystem Stability Inertia or persistence Constancy Resiliance Ecosystem Stability Inertia or persistence – ability of a system to resist disturbances Seen mostly in climax communities. Ability to withstand disturbances in the first place. Constancy – keeps population level stable Resilience – ability to bounce back from a disturbance Rainforests tend to have (high, low) inertia and (high, low) resilience. Which biome is not very resilient? ECOLOGICAL STABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY Having many different species appears to increase the sustainability of many communities. Human activities are disrupting ecosystem services that support and sustain all life and all economies. Intermediate Disturbance hypothesis Fairly frequent, moderate disturbances produce the greatest diversity What are some consequences of suppressing fires in an area? What are some effects of fires on a community? Species Diversity on Islands Theory of island biogeography: The bigger the more diverse The farther from mainland the less diverse Reasons: • Small = less resources so higher extinction rate • Far = less immigration • The closer the island is to the mainland, the (lower, higher) the immigration rate. Symbiosis review Identify the type of symbiosis in the following examples. What are the 4 main types of relationships again? Parasitism Predation Commensalism Mutualism Heartworm is now recognized as a major, global pest affecting dogs, wolves. coyotes, and foxes. Epiphyte Egyptian plover and Nile crocodile Check for Understanding: 1. Rainforests tend to have (high, low) inertia and (high, low) resilience. 2. Bigger islands that are closer to the mainland tend to be (more, less) diverse. This is according to the theory of … 3. Contrast inertia and resilience. 4. What causes character displacement to take place?