Download Unit 3 - Nervous and Immune Systems Study Guide

Nervous System
Important Vocabulary
Sensory Input
Myelin Sheath
Synapse
Integration
Synapse
Sensation of Touch
Motor Output
Membrane Potential
Sensation of Hearing
Signal Transduction Pathway
Na+/K+ Pump
Sensation of Taste
Neuron
Depolarization
Sensation of Smell
Cell Body
Repolarization
Sensation of Sight
Dendrite
Hyperpolarization
Axon
Saltatory Conduction
How has the nervous system evolved over time? In what ways do more recent organisms have more
evolved nervous systems?
Elaborate on the three major steps involved in receiving and responding to a stimulus.
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Sensory input
Integration
Motor Output
Be able to identify and describe the major structures of the neuron.
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Cell Body
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Synaptic Terminal
Be able to describe the graph below. There are several important steps that are described in the graph
and you will need to know what is taking place during each stage.
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Depolarization – what is happening in the neuron?
Repolarization – what is happening in the neuron?
Hyperpolarization – what is happening in the neuron?
Synapses are gaps between neighboring neurons. The process by which an action potential moves from
one neuron to the next is very important to the transport of nerve impulses. Use the diagram below to
describe what is happening at the synapse.
Sensory reception, while different based on the specific sense, is very similar in how it works. Below are
the 5 major senses. Be able to describe and understand how each sense works. (Focus on what is
different between the senses.)
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Identify the major sensory receptors: Mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors,
thermoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors
Touch: how does the sense of touch work with receiving stimuli from the outside environment?
o What kind of receptors are found in the skin?
Hearing: how does a stimulus move from the outside world (as sound waves) to the brain (as an
electrical signal)
o What are the major structures involved in this process?
Taste and Smell: how does a stimulus (chemical) move through the nose and mouth to the
brain (as an electrical signal)?
o What are some major structures involved in this process?
Sight: understand how a visual stimulus (light energy) moves to the brain (as an electrical
signal).
o Be aware of the evolution of sight in animals. How has it changed over time?
o What are rods? What are cones? How do they play a role in sight?
Immune System
Important Vocabulary
Innate Immunity
MHC Class I
Memory Cells
Phagocytes
MHC Class II
B Lymphocytes
Macrophage
Antigen
T Lymphocytes
Monocyte
Primary Immune Response
Humoral Immunity
Histamine
Secondary Immune Response
Cell-Mediated
What is meant by innate immunity?
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List several basic defenses that are considered innate.
Phagocytes are also considered an innate defense.
o What are macrophages?
o What are monocytes
o How do these WBCs play a role in the immune system?
An inflammatory response occurs when the body is attacked by a foreign material.
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What is the overall process by which your body initiates an inflammatory response? (We looked
at several major steps in class that include releasing histamine and calling in phagocytes)
What chemical signal molecule is used to initiate an inflammatory response?
Immune responses are triggered by the presence of surface proteins that promote the creation of
antibodies. What are these surface proteins called? What protein structures are used to identify these
surface proteins? Using what you know about the production and transport of proteins, how would a
cell get these proteins to the cell membrane?
How are specific immune response different from innate immunities?
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What is a primary immune response?
What is a secondary immune response?
How are these two immune responses different?
Specific Immune Responses involve several important WBCs (Lymphocytes) in animals.
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How do B Lymphocytes play a role in specific immune responses?
How do T Lymphocytes play a role in specific immune responses?
o Describe Helper T Cells
o Describe Cytotoxic T Cells
Describe Humoral Immunity
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Be able to trace the process from initial infection by a pathogen to production of antibodies
Describe Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Be able to trace the process from initial infection by a pathogen to destruction of infected cells
by cytotoxic T Cells
Interleukin 2
Interleukin 2
Antibodies are produced through the humoral immune response
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How do antibodies help fight pathogens in the body?
What are allergies?
****For the information below, you may need to use outside resources to find this material****
What are autoimmune disorders? How are these caused?
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List several common autoimmune disorders.
What are immunodeficiency disorders? How are these caused?
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List several common immunodeficiency disorders.