Download Chapter 14

The High Middle Ages
1050-1450
•Church Reform and the Crusades
•Changes in Medieval Society
•England and France Develop
•Hundred Years War and The Plague
Medieval Europe 12th Century
Why did the Church Need to Reform?
• Problems in the
Church
• Village priests not
keeping vows of
poverty, & chastity
• Simony-selling
church offices
• Lay investiture
What was significance of Gothic
Cathedrals?
• Represented “The
City of God”
• Taller, more light,
stained glass
• Attracted pilgrims &
others to town or city
• Wealth, skill,
The Crusades
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Byzantine Emperor, Alexius I asked Pope Urban for help against Turks
Council of Clermont 1095, Pope Urban calls for a “holy War”
By 1096, thousands of knights & others on the way to Jerusalem
Pope Urban hoped to unite Christendom against infidels
increase his power & heal schism (split)
Stop Christian knights fighting among themselves
What were goals of the Crusades?
Crusader Motivation:
– Gain access to eternal life
– Remission of sins
– Wealth/plunder/land
– adventure
Pope Motivation:
• Protect Christians in Holy Land
• Get rid of quarrelsome knights
• Heal rift w/Eastern Orthodox
Church
• Gain political power
Were they successful?
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Only the first-1099, Christians captured Jerusalem
Massacred Jewish & Muslim residents
Lands divided into four small “Crusader” states
Continued off and on for 200 years
Who was Saladin?
• Great Muslim leader
• 1197, took control of
Jerusalem
• Third Crusade failed
again
• Saladin reopened city
to Christian pilgrims
Were there other Crusades?
• Other Muslim
lands came under
attack esp. North
Africa
• All ended in defeat
• Fourth CrusadeChristians fought
Christians
• Captured & looted
Constantinople
• 1291, Acre
captured by
MuslimsChristians
slaughtered
Effects of Crusades on Western Europe
• Legacy of bitterness towards Muslims
• Increase of trade w/ the East
– Luxuries-fabrics, spices, perfumes
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Money economy
Feudal nobility undermined
Serfdom undermined
Increased power of monarchs
Decreased power of Popes
Rulers won new rights to levy taxes
Wider world view-new inventions, ideas
sparked curiosity about the rest of world
Changes in Medieval Society:
Feudalism Declined
• Important changes occurred in medieval
society between 1000-1300
• agriculture, trade, towns, & universities
developed
• These changes laid the foundations for
modern Europe
Changes in Medieval Society:
Food & Climate
• Expanded civilization required a larger
food supply
• 800-1200- Warming climate improved
farming
• New methods developed to farm more
land
Changes in Medieval Society: Agriculture
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Oxen to Horsepower
More hours per day
Moved faster
Horse collar-pulled more
weight
• Iron horseshoes
• The three Field System
– Rotate crops and let 1
field rest to regain it’s
fertility (horse poo)
Changes to Medieval Society: Guilds
• Guild- organization of
individuals in same
business or occupation
• Gain Power & influence
• Set working conditions,
prices, standards
• Built alms house for poor
• Donated to the church
• Policed the streets
Monarchs, Nobles, & the Church
• Monarchs had
limited power
• Nobles & Popes
had their own
courts, collected
their own taxes,
fielded their own
armies
• Resisted efforts
to weaken their
authority
Strong Monarchs in England
• During Early Middle Ages Angles, Saxons, &
Vikings all invaded & gradually settled in
England (Anglo-Saxon)
• Feudalism developed but English rulers
usually managed to keep kingdoms united
• In 1066, Anglo-Saxon king Edward the
Confessor died without an heir
– http://www.btinternet.com/%7Emrfield/Conquest/
Comet.htm
Three Claims to Throne of England
Harold Godwinson (Anglo-Saxon)
• Edward the Confessor’s
brother-in law
• Earlier he had been
captured and held
hostage in Normandy
• Supposedly swore
allegiance to William
• After Edward’s death, he
was elected king by the
nobles
William of Normandy (William the Bastard)
• Duke of Normandy
• Descendant of Vikings
• Distant cousin of Edward
the Confessor
• Claimed Harold violated
his oath of allegiance
• When Harold was
crowned King, William
was enraged
• Won backing of the Pope
• Raised an army, invaded
England in 1066
Harold Hardrada (Viking)
• King of Scandinavia
• Distant relation of
Edward the Confessor
• Challenges Harold
Godwinson with the
help of Harold’s brother,
Tostig
• Harold defeats him at
the Battle of Stamford
Bridge, Sept. 1066
Battle of Stanford Bridge:
Harold vs. Harold
Harold Godwinson defeats Harold Hardrada but then
immediately has to turn and march south to face William
of Normandy
Harold Had to Fight Two Major Battles, 250
miles apart in less than Three Weeks!!!!!
Norman Invasion of England
Battle of Hastings October,1066
• William invaded from
Normandy
• Harold Godwinson
defeated
• Bayeux Tapestry,
documented the events
• Christmas Day, 1066
William crowned King of
England and Normandy
The Bayeux Tapestry:
Norman Propaganda, Subversive Anglo-Saxon
Narrative, or French Revisionism?
• http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/Bayeux
Contents.htm
Growth of Royal Power
• William was a very
strong king
• Gave land to his
Norman lords, but
kept most for himself
• Required every
vassal to swear first
allegiance to him
rather than to any
other feudal lord
Domesday Book
• Complete census
• Listed every castle,
field, & pigpen in
England
• Helped build an
efficient system of tax
collecting
• Led to the exchequer,
or treasury, to collect
taxes
http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/
Unified Legal System: Henry II
• 1154, inherited the throne
• Expanded customs into laws
• Sent out traveling justices to
enforce the royal law
• Became the foundation of
common law, legal system
based on custom and court
rulings (precedent)
Unified Legal System:
Common Law
• Royal court decisions became the foundation of
English common law
– legal system based on custom and court rulings
• Common law applied to all of England
• Early jury system-jure’ means “sworn on oath”
• Decided which cases should be brought to trial
– modern day grand juries
• Later another jury evolved-12 neighbors or
peers of an accused
– Ancestor of today's trial jury
Conflict w/ Church:
Henry II & Thomas Becket
• Henry claimed the
right to try clergy in
royal courts
• Becket, Archbishop of
Canterbury opposed
the king
• In 1170, nobles
murdered him in the
Cathedral
Evolving Traditions of English
Government
• Kings continued
to struggle with
both the Church
& nobles over
taxes & authority
• Traditions of
government
evolved &
influence the
modern world
King John & His Troubles
• Henry II’s son
• Clever, greedy,
untrustworthy, cruel
• Enemies: Phillip II of
France, Pope Innocent III,
& his own nobles
• Lost war with Phillip
• Had to give up lands in
Anjou and Normandy,
France
King John and Pope Innocent III
• Conflict over appointment
of New Archbishop of
Canterbury
• John excommunicated
• England placed under
interdict
• John capitulated-had to
accept England as fief of
the papacy-pay a yearly
fee to Rome
Magna Carta
• John’s nobles were
angered by
oppressive taxes, etc.
• In 1215, rebellious
barons forced him to
sign the Magna Carta
• King affirmed rights of
nobles mainly but
also townspeople &
Church
Magna Carta
• Applied to every freeman
• No arbitrary arrest,
imprisonment, or other
legal actions
• No new taxes without
approval from Great
Council
• Asserted the rights of
nobles, common people
• Monarch must obey the
law
Why was Magna Carta so important?
• Formed the basis for “due
process of law”
• Great Council evolved
into Parliament
• Later, became a two
house body-House of
Lords & House of
Commons
• United States used
Parliament as model
• The Senate & House of
Representatives
Development of Parliament
• English rulers call on Great
Council for advice
• During 1200’s it evolved into
Parliament
• Helped to unify England
• 1295, Edward I summoned
Parliament to approve money
for wars in France
• “What touches all should be
approved by all.”
• Tradition of No
taxation without
representation
Monarchs in
France
• Monarchs in
France did
not rule a
unified
kingdom
• Provinces &
territories
ruled by
feudal nobles
The Capetians: Hugh Capet
• Count of Paris
• In 987, feudal nobles
elected him to fill the
vacant throne/believed
him weak
• He and his heirs slowly
increased royal power
• Increased territory
• Began a period of peace
and prosperity
• Capetian Dynasty 9871328
How did they increase royal power?
• Made throne
hereditary
• Lasted for 300 years
• Won support of Church
• Played rival lords off
one another
• Built effective
bureaucracy
• Collected taxes
• Imposed royal law
• Established order &
gained support of new
middle class
The Capetians: Philip Augustus/Philip II
• Shrewd & able leader
• Appointed middle-class
officials
• Established bailiffs to
preside over court & collect
taxes
• Charters to new towns
• Created standing army
• New national tax
• Increased royal lands
• Sent knights to suppress a
threat to the Church
• By 1223, most powerful
ruler in Europe
The Capetians: Louis IX
• Ideal monarchgenerous, noble,
devoted to justice
and chivalry
• Deeply religious
• Declared a saint
• Persecuted heretics
& Jews
• Led knights into two
battles against
Muslims
How did Louis improve government in
France?
• Sent out roving
officials
• Established an
appeals court
• Outlawed private
wars
• Ended serfdom
• Sometimes even
acted as a judge to
ensure justice
The Capetains: Philip IV
• Louis’s grandson
• Collect taxes from clergy
• Conflict with Pope
Boniface VII
• Philip sent troops to seize
Boniface but he escaped
• He was beaten badly and
died soon after
• Frenchman elected Pope
• Moved the papal court to
Avignon on the border
with Southern France
• Gave French kings
control over religion
The Estates General
• 1302, to rally support
from French people
for Philip’s conflict
with the Pope
• Represented all three
classes: clergy,
nobles, townspeople
• Never gained much
power; no power of
purse
Holy Roman Empire
• In 936,Otto I, crowned
Holy Roman Emperor
for protecting the
Church
• Begins Holy Roman
Empire
• Close relationship
between Church &
State
• Tensions arose over
who would appoint
Church officialsinvestiture
Conflict Between Popes & Emperors:
Gregory VII
• Reform corrupt
church leaders
• Make the Church
independent of
secular rulers
• 1075, Banned
practice of “lay
investiture”-(church
official chosen by
kings)
Conflict Between Popes & Emperors:
Henry IV
• Holy Roman Emperor
• Angered by Pope
Gregory’s actions
• Needed church
leaders to support
him against powerful
German lords
Conflict Between Henry & Gregory
• Henry IV demanded
that Gregory VII
resign as Pope
• Henry IV was
excommunicated by
Gregory VII
• Henry realized he
could not win so begs
for forgiveness
• Henry is forgiven
Concordat of Worms
• Agreement that
church officials could
appoint church
leaders
• Kings could give titles
and land grant to
church officials
• 1st document outlining
separate areas of
responsibility for
Church and State
Struggle for Italy: Frederick I
• Also known as Barbarossa
• Ambitious, wanted to build a
huge empire
• Wanted to control wealthy
northern Italian cities but
they resisted
• Cities joined with the Pope
to create the Lombard
League
• Defeated Frederick I
• Arranged marriage of his
son, Henry to Sicilian
Constance
• increased German influence
over Italian affairs
Struggle for Italy: Frederick II
• Child of Henry and
Constance
• Raised in Southern
Italy
• More Italian than
German
• Continued the
conflicts with Popes
• Ultimately
unsuccessful
Church Power
• 1209, Papacy at it’s
height
• Pope Innocent III
launched a crusade
against the
Albigensians in
southern France
• They wanted to purify
the church
• Thousands were
killed
Reconquista of Spain
• Christians had been battling Muslims for
centuries in Spain
• By the 700’s, Muslims controlled more of the
Iberian peninsula
• Several Christian kingdoms survived in the north
Ferdinand and Isabella
• 1469, Isabella of Castile
married Ferdinand of
Aragon
• Brought together the two
most powerful kingdoms
• Made a final push against
the Muslims in Granada
in 1492 and won
• The Reconquista was
complete
How did they rule?
• Tried to impose unity
• Joined forces with townspeople against
nobles
• Under the Inquisition, toleration ended
• Brutality against both Muslims and Jews
• Convert or be burned at the stake
• 150,000 people fled
• Many were skilled, educated people
Learning, Literature, and the Arts
• By 1100’s, Europe
was experiencing
dynamic changes
• Steady food supply
• Revival of trade
• Growth of towns
• Some became
wealthy
Universities
• Church needed
better educated
clergy
• Educated men
were needed for
government
bureaucracies
• Path to opportunity
for townspeople
Academic Guilds
• By 1100’s schools were
created around the cathedrals
to train the clergy
• Evolved into the first
universities
• Organized like guilds to protect
members and set standards
• Salerno and Bologna had the
first universities
• Specialized in topics i.e.,
medicine, theology
• Students would travel from one
to the other
Student Life
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Awake at 5:00am for prayers
Class ‘til 10:00am
Breakfast-beef and soup, oatmeal
Afternoon classes ‘til 5:00pm
Light supper, study and then bed
No permanent buildings
Students sat on hard benches
Teacher dictated and then
explained Latin texts
Students memorized
Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy,
music, grammar, rhetoric, logic
Oral exams
Bachelor Degree 3-6 years
Masters- several more years
Women and Education
• Not allowed to attend
universities
• Limited their opportunities
• Deprived of mental
stimulation
• Encouraged to pursue
their “natural gifts”
• Raise children, manage
household, needlework
Christine de Pizan
• Italian born, lived at
French court
• Married at 15,
widowed at 25
• Three children
• Became a writer
• Wrote The City of
Ladies, examined the
achievements of
women
The City of Ladies
• “If it were customary to
send daughters to
school like sons, and if
they were then taught
the same subject, they
would learn as
thoroughly and
understand the
subtleties of all arts and
sciences as well as
sons.”
Europeans Acquire “New Learning”
• Muslim scholars
translated the works
of Aristotle and other
Greeks into Arabic
• Jewish scholars
translated these
works into Latin
• By 1100, revolution in
new learning
Philosophy
• Aristotle taught that
humans should their
reason
• Christians believed on
the basis of faith
• Church had final
authority
• How could they use
logic without
undermining their
faith?
Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle
Scholasticism
• Attempt to resolve the
dilemma
• Method used to
support Christian
beliefs
• Scholastics studied
the works of the
Muslim philosopher
Averroes and the
Jewish rabbi
Maimonides
Thomas Aquinas
• Christian Scholar who
used reason to
examine Christian
teachings
• Summa Theologica
• Faith and reason
existed in harmony
• Both led to the same
truth
Science and Math
• Translated works reached
Europe from Spain and
Byzantine Empire
• Studied Hippocrates and
Euclid
• Observation and
experimentation used to
study the physical world
• Very little progress
because most scholars
believed that all true
knowledge must fit with
Church teachings
Song of Roland
• Popular poem
• Author unknown
• Based on real
event during
Charlemagne’s
reign
• Praises the
courage of one
knight against
Muslims in Spain
• Roland sacrifices
his life for honor
Poem of the Cid
• Spain’s great epic
• Battle against Muslim
forces
• The Cid was Rodrigo
Diaz, a bold and fiery
Christian lord who
battle Muslims in
Spain
The Divine
Comedy
• Written by Dante
Alighieri
• Imaginary journey
through hell and
purgatory, and
heaven
• “Abandon all hope,
all ye who enter
here”
• Talks with people
from history
• Humor, tragedy,
quest for religious
understanding
• Summarizes
Christian ethics
Canterbury Tales
• Geoffrey Chaucer
• English pilgrims traveling
to Thomas Becket’s tomb
• Character sketches that
each tell a story including
a knight, a plowman, a
merchant, a miller, a nun,
the “wife of bath”
• Funny, romantic, bawdy
• Gives a vivid picture of
medieval life
Architecture
• Flying
buttresses
Gothic Architecture
• pointed arches
• ribbed vault
• flying buttresses
• made church much larger
and brighter
• transferred weight of
ceilings to the flying
buttresses
• Allowed the use of huge
stain glass windows in
the walls
• transformed into a very
bright and warm
• reflected increased
wealth and influence
• Some took over a century
to build.
Architecture: Romanesque vs.
Gothic
Art
• sculptures
• stained glass
windows
• Illuminated
manuscripts
What Led to the End of Medieval
Society?
• Factor 1: The Great Schism
• Factor 2 The Bubonic Plague
• Factor 3: The Hundred Years War
#1The Great Schism:
• When and how did the Great Schism
Begin?
– 1305
– College of Cardinals chose a French pope
who moved Rome to Avignon, France
#1The Great Schism
• When and how was the Great Schism
resolved?
– 1417
– Council of Constance elected a new pope to
replace the 3 popes who had been forced to
resign
#1 The Great Schism
• How did the Great Schism affect medieval
life?
– Weakened the church
The Black Death
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Other small
plagues had
come and
gone but
one strain
survived
1200’s
Mongol
armies took
control of
China
1348, all of
Europe
decimated
(Italy,
Spain,
France, and
England)
One in three
died
25 million
people died
in just under
five years
What caused it?
• Bubonic plague came
from Infected fleas on
rats
• Crowded cities in China
spread it
• Rats on clothes, packs,
ships, fleas on rats, rats
in homes
• India, Mesopotamia,
Syria, Armenia, Cairo
devastated
Social Upheaval
• Terror, no cure, some
turned to magic, some to
wild pleasures
• Some thought it was
God’s punishment, some
blamed the Jews,
• Normal life broke down
• The Decameron by
Boccaccio described how
people turned against
each other in their fear
#2 The Bubonic Plague
• Where did the plague begin and how did it
spread?
– Asia
– Spread to Europe through trade
Economic Effects
• Production declined
• Survivors demanded higher
wages
• Inflation soared
• Landowners and merchants
pushed for laws to limit wages
• Landowners converted
cropland to sheep raisingrequired less labor
• Villages sought work in towns
• Guild refused to accept new
members
• Explosive revolts
• Took 100 years to recover
#2 The Bubonic Plague
• What were some economic effects of the
plague?
– Severe decline in population and trade
– Higher prices
– Peasant revolts
– Decline in manorial system
How did Black Death affect the
Church?
• Spiritual crisis
• Scandal
• Divisions
– Pope in Avignon reigned
lavish & corrupt
(Babylonian Captivity)
– 1378, reformers
established “their” pope in
Rome
– Led to a schism
– 1417, Council at
Constance ended the crisis
#2 The Bubonic Plague
• How did the plague affect the Church?
– Church lost power and prestige when prayer
and penances failed to stop it.
Hundred Years War
1337-1453
• Rivalry between
England and France
over Norman
ancestral lands
• Edward III claimed
throne of France
• Economic rivalry and
growing national pride
#3: The Hundred Years War
• What was the primary reason for the war?
– English claims to the French throne
English Victories
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1346- Crecy
1356- Portiers
1415-Agincourt
Longbow-6 ft. long vs.
cross-bow
• 3 arrows to one
• Pierced armor
French
Cannon
• Helped capture
English held castles
and defeat
England’s armies.
• By 1453, English
held only the port of
Calais in
northwestern France
#3: The Hundred Years War
• What was the outcome of the war?
– French eventually won
– English left France except for the port city of
Calais
What were the Effects of the
Hundred Years War?
• Set England and France on different paths
• France-growing sense of national feeling and
allowed French Kings to expand their power
• English kings had to ask for money from
Parliament-gave it more power
• Loss of French lands meant no continental
empire for England
• Longbow and cannon undermined need for
knights and castles
• Now, Kings needed large armies, not feudal
vassals
#3: The Hundred Years War
• How did the war affect medieval society?
– Age of chivalry died and an emerging sense
of nationalism replaced feudal loyalties
Who was John Wycliffe?
• English preacher who
challenged attacked
corruption of Church
• Bible not the Church was
the source of Christian
truth
• Translated the bible into
English
• Jan Hus led a similar
campaign in Bohemia
(Czech Republic)
• Hus was burned at the
stake for heresy
Joan of Arc
• 1429, appeared at the
court of Charles VII
• God sent her to save
France
• Led the French to many
victories 1429-1431
• Taken captive by English
allies and placed on trial
for witchcraft
• Convicted and burned at
the stake
• Rallied the French