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Chronology of
c.410 AD
5th Jan 1066
14th Oct 1066
1069-70
1073
1086
1087
The Norman Conquest
The Romans leave Britain, which is then invaded by tribes called Angles,
Saxons and Jutes, from across the North Sea
Death of Edward the Confessor, and
Battle of Hastings. William crowned King of England on Christmas Day.
Rebellion of Hereward the Wake & The Harrying of the North
13 Housecarl
The Tower of London is built
Hill
16 Bayeux
Tapestry
The Domesday Book is compiled
William I dies. His son, Rufus, becomes William II.
Key words and names: The Norman Conquest
1
Medieval
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Anglo-Saxons
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Vikings
Key words and names continued
(Key dates)
A period of history that dates from c. 1066-1485. Also referred to as the
‘Middle Ages’ (some date from c.410 AD)
People who lived in England (‘the English’) from the fall of the Roman
Empire until the Norman Conquest.
People from Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Denmark) who attacked
Britain several times in c.700-1100.
14 Earl
15 Senlac
17 Rebellion
18 Tithe
19 Harrying
20 Domesday
Book
th
An important soldier whose job was to protect the King of England.
In the Battle of Hastings, they carried axes.
Important nobleman. In Anglo-Saxon England, they ruled over
different regions, collecting taxes. Led the King’s armies.
The hill on which the Battle of Hastings took place. Harold
Godwinson assembled his troops at the top of the hill.
A piece of embroidered cloth, 70 metres long and made by the
Normans, showing scenes from the Battle of Hastings.
Resisting or trying to overthrow the government. Many AngloSaxons rebelled against William after 1066.
Name of a tax (money people have to pay regularly). The tithe
made people pay 1/10th of their money to the Church.
To ‘harry’ means to carry out lots of attacks. William I harried the
North after Hereward the Wake led a rebellion there.
Survey created by William I, which him work out how much he
could tax his subjects. Collected details such as no. of pigs
Edward the
Confessor
Harold
Godwinson
Tostig
Last Anglo-Saxon king of England. He died on 5 January 1066. His death
without a son led to a power struggle over the next king.
1 Geography and Demography (Population studies)
Son of Earl Godwin, the most powerful Anglo-Saxon in England. Claimant
to the English throne on Edward’s death.
1.1 Today, England’s population is around 50 million, yet in 1060 it was 1.5 million
1.2 Most people lived and worked in villages rather than towns
Harold Godwinson’s younger brother. Supported Harald Hardrada’s
efforts to claim the English throne – not Harold’s!
1.3 Before 1066, England was divided into different parts, each ruled by an earl
1.4 England was not well-defended, with few castles, and mainly earth embankments
Harald
Hardrada
William, Duke
of Normandy
Viking leader & King of Norway. Also claimant to the English throne.
Invaded mid-September 1066. Killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
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Relic
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The Pope
Part of a dead person’s body or belongings. The person would be holy,
such as a saint. William said Harold swore loyalty to him on holy relics.
Head of the Roman Catholic Church, based in Rome, Italy. God’s
representative on Earth. Supported William’s claim to the throne.
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Witan
Group of very important Anglo-Saxons, who advised the King. They were
asked to decide who should be the next king after Edward died.
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Cavalry
Soldiers who fight on horseback. Harold did not have many cavalry in the
Battle of Hastings; William I had a very mighty cavalry.
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5
6
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Duke ruling over Normandy, part of Northern France, which was a
growing power. Third claimant to the English throne. Successfully
invaded in September 1066, and was crowned on Christmas Day, 1066.
Key Features: Anglo-Saxon and Norman England
Religion
2.1 Along with the rest of Europe, England was a Christian Catholic country
2.2 The Pope was Head of the Church, in charge of all English bishops and priests
2.3 The Church was the only place people could go for help: there was no other
support for disabled, jobless or old people. Priests gave money and food to the poor
2.4 People believed heaven was eternal paradise, while hell was endless torture. The
Church gave people a way of getting to heaven, through prayer and church donations
2.5 There were no newspapers, television, or internet. People relied the Church to hear
the news. Notices were sent to local priests to read out – few others could read
3
Rulers / Law
3.1 To establish his kingship, William burnt down towns incl. Canterbury & Guildford
3.2 The North was most resistant to William, and he punished (‘harried’) them
harshly. 100,000 died after William destroyed villages and had peasants hunted down
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Chronology of the Medieval
1095-1099
1145-1149
1170
1187
1189
1199
1212
Key words and names continued
Church & Crusades (Key dates)
The First Crusade, which ended with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099
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Siege
The Second Crusade, which began when the Muslims captured Edessa (a
Christian-held city in the Holy Land since 1098)
Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, is murdered by four knights
15
Massacre To brutally kill many people. Christians massacred Muslims living
in Jerusalem in 1099 after they captured the city.
The Battle of Hattin, where Saladin regained Jerusalem for the Muslims
Richard I becomes King. Start of the Third Crusade (ends in 1192). The
Third Crusade was launched to try to re-capture Jerusalem
John I becomes King, replacing his brother, Richard
Children’s Crusade: thousands of children left France to go to Jerusalem
Key words and names: Church & Crusade
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Pope
Urban II
Launched the First Crusade in 1095. He promised crusaders that
all sins would be forgiven. 60,000 people went on crusade. It was
successful, and Jerusalem was captured by the Christians in 1099
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Saracen
Name given to a Muslim person at the time of the Crusades
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19
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Edessa
Conrad III
Louis VII
Richard I
City re-captured by Muslims in 1144; prompted a Second Crusade
A powerful and respected Muslim military leader. He led the
Muslims to victory at Hattin, and fought against Richard I.
An important city in the Holy Land that Richard re-captured from
Saladin. Here, Richard killed 3,000 Muslim prisoners.
Battle in the Third Crusade, where Richard defeated Saladin. After
this, he could not then take Jerusalem, so he made a truce.
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2
3
Religious
Monarchy
Baron
Things to do with what people believe and who and how they worship
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Henry II
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Saladin
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Becket
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Acre
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Law Court
King of England in 1154-1189. Great-grandson of William the Conqueror.
He argued with his Archbishop, Becket, over control of the English Church
Appointed the Archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry II. He was later
killed by four knights in Canterbury Cathedral after quarrelling with Henry.
Where a judge decides if someone is guilty of breaking the law after
hearing evidence. Church courts were controlled by priests, not the king.
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Battle of
Arsuf
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Archbishop
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Interpretation
8
Monk
A bishop of the highest rank in the English Church, in charge of churches
and other bishops in a certain area. They had a very high status.
Member of a religious community of men, living in a monastery, who took
special vows showing their dedication to God (e.g. poverty, obedience)
A form of government with the monarch (a king or queen) at the head
An important nobleman, who was given lands directly by the King to rule
on his behalf. Barons are referred to as ‘Lord’ and had a very high status.
Military operation where enemy forces surround a town or
building, cutting off essential supplies, in the aim of making those
inside surrender.
King of Germany and leader of the Second Crusade
King of France and another leader of the Second Crusade
King of England and brave leader of the Third Crusade, which set
out after the Battle of Hattin. Nicknamed ‘Richard the Lionheart’.
An opinion or argument. An historian’s interpretation of history is
his opinion on what happened and how.
Key Features: The Medieval Church and the Crusades
1
Geography
Edward
Grim
10 Knight
The man who witnessed the death of Thomas Becket in Canterbury
Cathedral in 1170, and later published a book about Becket.
1.1 The Holy Land is an area in modern-day Israel and Palestine. It is so-called as there
are many places with religious significance in this area, such as Jerusalem.
A man who served his Lord (often a Baron), by fighting as a soldier
mounted on a horse, wearing armour. Knights are referred to as ‘Sir’.
1.2 Jerusalem was the most important place on earth for Christians: Jesus died here.
The city is also important to Muslims, because Muhammed ascended to heaven here
11 Pilgrimage
A journey to a holy place, to show faith in God. After he died, many went
to Canterbury to pay their respects to Saint Thomas Becket.
1.3 Christendom refers to the part of the world where most people are Christian
12 Crusade(s)
‘Holy Wars’ fought between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land
2.1 The fall of the Roman Empire created a split between two types of Christianity:
Western (led by the Pope in Rome) and Eastern (led by the emperor in Constantinople)
13 Sin
(especially Jerusalem), located in modern-day Israel and Palestine
A deliberate action that goes against God. Sins range from ‘big’ acts like
murder to ‘smaller’ acts like envy. The Pope said that if people went on
Crusade, all sins would be forgiven. This was called an indulgence.
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2 Religion
2.2 The Medieval Muslim world was also divided: not all Muslims who fought against
Christians were the same! For example, Saladin was Sultan of Egypt and Syria and he
was aa Sunni Muslim, whereas other Muslims followed Shia Islam.
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Chronology of
1215
1337
1348
1381
1415
1485
The Magna Carta is signed by John I, meaning he now shares power
The Black Death
The Battle of Agincourt: key English victory in the Hundred Years War
Things to do with money, finances, jobs, trade and wealth. There were many
economic causes, for example, of the Peasants Revolt.
Things to do with leaders (monarchy and Parliament), laws, government and
rulers. The Peasants Revolt, for example, was a political protest.
Things to do with ‘normal people’ and how they lived (e.g. home life,
community). The Black Death, for example, had huge social consequences
2
Political
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Social
4
Tax
Where people pay money to the government or to the church. It is
compulsory (people have to do it), so it isn’t popular amongst the poor
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Status
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Freeman
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Villein
The position you hold in society. In Medieval times, people had a fixed status
(low, medium or high); they were part of a social hierarchy.
These people paid rent to the lord to farm their land, but they weren’t
‘owned’ by the Lord, and could come and go as they pleased.
They were Medieval peasants who were ‘tied’ to the Lord’s land. They had
to farm their own land and the land of the Lord, and they had to get the
Lord’s permission to do things like get married or leave the village.
Buboes
10 Bubonic &
Pneumonic
11 Statute of
Labourers
12 Flogging
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King Richard
II
King of England (1377-1399). Controlled Wales and Ireland,
too. He became King at 10 years old, and was only 14 when
the Peasants Revolt broke out. He defeated the rebels
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Essex & Kent
John Ball
The two counties at the heart of the Peasants’ Revolt
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Wat Tyler
19
Simon
Sudbury
Smithfield
Market
14
The Battle of Bosworth; end of the Medieval period. Henry VII becomes the
first Tudor king
Economic
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Measurement of how good life is (incl. what people eat,
what they wear, how much they earn, where they live etc.)
The Peasants Revolt
1
Black Death
Standard of
Living
Poll Tax
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Edward III invades France; start of the Hundred Years War
Key words and names: Struggle for Control
8
Key words and names continued
Medieval Control (Key dates)
A plague (fast spreading disease). It is said that between a quarter and a
third of the population died, wiping out c. 40% of the English population in
1348-1350. It was carried by fleas who lived on rats.
Painful swellings that appeared on a victim’s armpits and groin if they were
infected by the Black Death. Often led to a painful death.
The two different types of plague. Bubonic plague, which was carried by rats
and caused buboes, was the most common form. Pneumonic plague was an
advanced stage of Bubonic plague that spread to the lungs.
This Statute (law), passed after the Black Death, said labourers could not
earn more than 2 pence per day. It was bitterly resented by the peasants.
To be beaten with a stick or whip as a punishment. Some people flogged
themselves in the Middle Ages to show God they were sorry for their sins.
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Introduced by King Richard II to pay for the Hundred Years
War. Everyone had to pay 4p every year – later increased
A priest (clergyman) who encouraged peasants to revolt in
1381. He pointed out that peasants’ lives were unfair.
Another leader of revolt. He and his Kentish forces went to
London, and he spoke personally with the king.
Archbishop of Canterbury from 1375 until his death in 1381
– he was unpopular and was beheaded by peasant rebels.
The place where Richard II met the rebel peasants in 1381.
Here, Wat Tyler was killed by the Mayor of London in June.
Key Features: Medieval Control
1 Society, Status and Life in the Medieval Village
1.1 Most people were peasants, who had very few rights and who lived in villages
called ‘manors’. Life for an average peasant was hard and work was back-breaking.
1.2 The Feudal System is the name for a power structure where people held land in
return for promising loyalty and services such as working or fighting for their lord.
1.3 Village life was not all misery. Holy days meant a day off work. Peasant fun was
rough, including wrestling, shin-kicking and cock-fighting. The ball was almost
unnecessary to a medieval ball game, which was basically a fight with the next village.
1.4 Noblemen had a high status, often living in castles with a great hall and servants.
2 The Black Death
2.1: The plague spread very quickly in the warm winter of 1348-9.
2.2: Some methods which people at the time thought would cure the plague or stop
them catching it included: flogging and praying to ask God for forgiveness; isolation
(keeping away from the sick); cleaning the streets; holding sweet herbs to the nose.
2.3: The nursery rhyme ‘ring-a-roses’ is a reference to the Black Death.
2.4: After the plague, prices of food and other goods fell. The shortage of labourers
meant that wages went up. Some villages were abandoned. In other villages, survivors
were able to buy or rent all the spare land. So some peasants became much richer.
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