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Accounting Cycle With horizontal worksheet (in place of journals, ledgers, trial balance) and Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement Transactions that will be recorded Daily entries Triggered by a source document historical Must impact the accounting equation Must keep accounting equation in balance Recorded on a regular basis during the accounting period Adjusting entries Recorded at end of accounting period when statements needed Accrual of expenses – services received, no source document, not recorded previously (RE’s down as expense, payable up) Accrual of revenues – services performed, no source document, not recorded previously, (RE’s up as revenue, receivable up) Deferrals of revenue – collect cash before services are performed, “earning the unearned” (RE’s up as revenue, unearned revenue down) Deferrals of expenses – purchase an asset, “assets used up” (RE’s down as expense, asset down) Horizontal worksheet Set up major headings – “Assets = Liabilities + Stockholder’s Equity” Set up ledger account titles as transactions are recorded Record the amounts, positive or negative, for each transaction – daily and adjusting entries Helpful next to retained earnings to record those items in the margin as revenues, expenses, dividends – helps later when income statement is prepared When all transactions are recorded, total up each numerical column Make sure the accounting equation balances Then prepare the income statement, cash flow statement and balance sheet. Income Statement compared to the cash flow statement similarities Both are for a particular period of time – one month, one quarter, biannually or annually The operating section of the cash flow statement is similar to items on the income statement differences The cash flow statement (CF) is only about cash in and cash out. The income statement (IS) includes services received and services performed, whether or not cash is involved. IS revenues earned are not necessarily equal to cash collected from customers on CF IS expenses incurred are not equal to cash paid for expenses on CF Investing and financing type transactions from CF are usually not also represented on the IS or shown in a different way. Balance sheet At one specific point in time --- the end of the accounting period. The accounting equation – assets equals liabilities plus stockholder’s equity Most assets are valued with the historical cost principle Classified format – current and long-term Assets include such things as – cash, accounts receivable, short term or longterm investments, land, buildings, equipment Liabilities include such things as -- accounts payable, notes payable, salaries payable, interest payable, unearned revenue, bonds payable Stockholder’s equity includes – common stock, retained earnings (revenues, expenses, dividends)
