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Transcript
Biogeography – the study of organismal distribution in evolutionary, phylogenetic, or ecological contexts Current organismal distributions result from both evolutionary history and contemporary ecology Biogeographic Realms of the World (differences exist among authors) http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio303/terrest_habitats.htm Definitions Indigenous – native to an area Endemic – unique to an area Sympatric – overlapping geographic distribution (i.e, two species living in the same place) Parapatric – contiguous but non-overlapping geographic distribution Allopatric – non-overlapping geographic distribution Disjunct endemism – nearest relatives in allopatry, typically separated by a geophysical barrier alternative hypotheses to account for disjunct endemism: Vicariance – barrier divides originally contiguous population into two or more Dispersal – organisms overcome barrier (either actively or passively) to establish new population Organismal distributions result from both contemporary ecology and evolutionary history Ecological factors: Resource availability, competitors, abiotic factors (e.g., climate), environmental heterogeneity Similar patterns of diversification in different locations (e.g., community convergence or parallel radiations) is evidence of common ecological factors Historical processes: Phylogeny, vicariance, dispersal, extinction Similar phylogenetic topologies among unrelated clades is evidence of common causes of vicariance or modes of dispersal Snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) - vicariance Hawaiian Pohutukawa (Metrosideros) - dispersal Percy et al 2008 Proc. R. Soc. B (2008) 275, 1479–1490 Vicariance and Dispersal Dias dos Santos 2011 Pap. Avulsos Zool. 51 Models of Gene Flow Island model – equal probability of flow Stepping stone model – ordered probability Isolation by distance model – probability inversely proportional to distance Extinction and recolonization model – stochastic replacement nearby island Species Diversity Rate of Extinction Rate of Colonization MacArthur and Wilson’s model of Island Biogeography distant island Species Diversity Rate of Extinction Rate of Colonization MacArthur and Wilson’s model of Island Biogeography small island Species Diversity Rate of Extinction Rate of Colonization MacArthur and Wilson’s model of Island Biogeography big island Species Diversity Rate of Extinction Rate of Colonization MacArthur and Wilson’s model of Island Biogeography nearby island small island distant island big island Species Diversity Rate of Extinction Rate of Colonization MacArthur and Wilson’s model of Island Biogeography Community Convergence Parallelism in Theria: Marsupials and Placentals “Ecomorphs” of Carribean Anoles
