Download Skeleton of frog

Orientation
Medicine college / Iraqia university
Practical biology
Huda ayad
Lab / 3
20/12/2015
Orientation
Objectives:1- Define of direction terms.
2- What types of sections .
3- Recognize the bones that make up the skull frog.
Orientation
There are certain terms (Direction terms) are
common
use to determine the position of certain
organs or part in relation to the body or another part of
the body, It follows:1- Anterior: - pertaining to the front or head end of the body.
2- Posterior: - pertaining to the tail or hind end of the body.
3- Ventral: - The belly or the lower side of the
from the back.
body, away
4- Dorsal: - The back or the upper surface of the body, opposite
of ventral.
5- Lateral: - Towards the side of body, at each side of the
midline.
6- Median: - The middle of the body.
7- Proximal: - Near the point of articulation.
8- Distal: - Away from the point articulation.
9- Superior: - The upper, higher in position
10- Inferior: - The lower in position.
11-Pre- axial: - The nearer to the main longitudinal axis of the
body.
12- Post- axial: - The away from the main longitudinal axis of
the body.
Skeleton of frog
) Ventral view)
) Dorsal view )
Skeleton of frog
( Lateral view)
Skeleton of frog
Sections :cuts are made through the various objects to produce thin
slices for detailed study of the structure , at the level of light
microscope and fine structure or ultra structure at the electron
microscope .
There are many levels sections, We will take the following
it :1- Transverse section (T.S) or cross section (C.S) :a transverse cut through a structure or tissue or
Is one line made horizontally through object , hence its place
lies at right angles to the main longitudinal axis of the body .
2- Longitudinal section (L.S ) :Is one line made Parallel to the main longitudinal axis of the
body , or a section that is cut along the long axis of a
structure. the opposite is a cross-section
3- sagittal section (S.S) :Pertaining to the median , vertical longitudinal plane , or is a
vertical plane which passes from ventral (front) to dorsal (rear)
dividing the body into right and left halves.
A ( Cross section)
B (Longitudinal section)
Epitheial cell and their neighbors
( Cross section )
Simple cuboidal epithelium tissue
sagittal section
sagittal section
Skeleton of frog
The endoskeletal of the frog is composed of two main
divisions ; the axial and the perpendicular skeleton . The
axial skeleton includes the skull , sternum and vertebral
column. The appendicular skeleton consists of the
pectoral and pelvis girdles and the bones of the limbs ,
The functions of a skeleton include providing support for
the body, protection of delicate internal organs.
(Dorsal view )
Skeleton of frog
- We can see some the bones skull the frog from
dorsal view including :1-Premaxilla
2- Maxilla
3- Quadratojugal
4-Quadrate cartilage
5- Squamosal
6- Frontoparietal
7- Exoccipital
8- Foramen magnum
9- Nasal
Skull (cranium ) of frog (Dorsal view)
- We can see some the bones skull the frog from
ventral view including :1-Premaxilla
2- Maxilla
3- Quadratojugal
4- Quadrate cartilage
5- Squamosal
6- Frontoparietal
7-Exoccipital
8- Foramen magnum
9- Nasal
10-Palatine
11- Pteyrgoid
Skull (cranium ) of frog
( ventral view)