Download 2015 PAP Body Systems Part 2 Notes

Pre-AP 2015 Body Systems
The Digestive System
Humans are __________, animals that must eat
food in order to obtain _______. Food contains
__________ that supply energy and ____________
for growth. Nutrients include _______,
_________, carbohydrates, _________, proteins,
and _________. Digestion is the breakdown of
food into simpler molecules that can be
absorbed by the body. All the different
varieties of food we eat are broken down by
our digestive system and transported to every
part of our body by our __________ system.
The __________________________: The long, hollow
tube made up of the _____________,
________________, _________________,
______________________,
__________________________, and
___________________________________. Several
major glands (____________________,
________________, and _____________) add their
secretions to the digestive system.
The Process of Digestion:
1. ______________ digestion:
Food is ground into a pulp by
the ______.
2. __________________: saliva,
produced by the
______________, contains
digestive ___________. Saliva
moistens the food to make
swallowing easier and
contains the enzyme
____________ that breaks
down long starch molecules
into
___________________________.
3. Food is formed into a ball called a _________________.
4. The bolus is sent down the _______________. At this point, it passes a small flap of cartilage called
the
____________________. This flap closes the passage to the respiratory tract and keeps food in the
digestive tract.
5. Food travels down the _______________________ by rhythmic contractions called
____________________________.
6. Food now enters the _____________. The stomach is a muscular sac that is highly __________. The
acid helps the digestive enzyme _______________ to break down _______________. After 2 – 3 hours, the
food becomes a mixture called ___________.
7. ____________________ forces food into the ________________. In the small intestine, chyme is flooded
with digestive fluids that break down ______________ and ______________________.
The small intestine digests food with the help of two other organs:
a. The _______________ releases enzymes into the small intestine to break
down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It also releases substances to
neutralize the acids of the stomach.
b. The _______________ is the second largest organ of our body. It produces
_____________, which is stored in the ______________. Bile breaks
______________ down into smaller globules to be broken down by the
enzyme _____________________.
The small intestine continues to digest the food. It is covered with tiny “fingers” called ______________
that greatly increase its surface area. These folds are filled with blood vessels that __________ and
___________ away nutrients.
Villi of the small intestine
By the end of the small intestine, the remnants of the food are nutrient-free.
8. Food now enters the ____________________. The major function of this organ is to
__________________________. At this point the undigested remains are called _______________________.
The Excretory System
All organisms produce wastes that are harmful to the body;
some are so ______ that they become deadly if they are not
eliminated. __________ wastes such as excess salts, carbon
dioxide, and urea are examples. ____ is a toxic compound
produced when ________________ (the building blocks of
proteins) are used for energy. The elimination of these
wastes is called ________________.
Excretory organs:
1) _________: excretes water, salts, and small amounts
of urea in sweat
2) ______________: excrete carbon dioxide
3) _________: picks up excessive amino acids that are released into the blood during the
break down of proteins; this process produces nitrogen wastes (very
toxic) which the liver then converts into urea.
4) ____________: principle organ of excretion; they remove urea, waste
products from the blood, maintain pH of the blood, and regulate water content
of the blood
The kidneys are located near the lower back and on either side of the vertebrae. _____ is carried
from the ________ to the ______________ by tubes called the _________. Urine is stored in the urinary
bladder until it is excreted through the ______________.
Waste-laden blood is carried to the kidney by the _____________. The kidney removes the wastes and
excess water which goes into the ureter. The clean blood leaves the kidney by way of the
____________________.
The Structure of the Kidney:
The kidney is composed of two layers:
1) _____________: outer layer which contains the filtering units within the kidney, the _____________.
Each kidney contains millions of these tiny filtering nephrons.
2) ______________: inner layer; part of the nephron descends down into this layer.
The waste-laden blood enters the nephron through an _______ (small artery), the impurities are filtered
out (by the process of ___________) in an area of the nephron called the ___________________, and the
impurities are collected in a collecting duct. These impurities are then moved to the ureter and
stored in the bladder.
Note that in this process, a large number of materials (amino acids, fats, and glucose) are
reabsorbed to be reused by the body. Almost _______ of the water that is filtered is reabsorbed.
Other small molecules such as salts, sugars, and drugs may be removed. _______ especially tend to
concentrate in the urine. This is why many drugs tend to wear off over time. It also provides a quick
way to test for both legal and illegal drug use.
Kidney stones: are caused by a buildup of calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts that crystallize and
form _____________; these block the ureter and cause great pain; often treated with ultrasound that
pulverize the stones into smaller fragments that are eliminated in the urine.
Circulatory System
Functions:
1. _____________________: blood carries oxygen from the _______________ and __________ from the
tissues to the lungs. Distributes nutrients collected by the ____________________ system; carries
hormones; removes ___________ and carries them to the ____________ for removal.
2. _________________________: absorbs and neutralizes acids such as
__________ ___________ produced by skeletal muscles.
3. __________at injury sites by blood _____________ which forms a temporary patch.
4. _____________: transports _______ __________ _________that fight infection and delivers
_______________.
5. ____________ _________ ______________: absorbs heat and redistributes it.
Composition of Blood:
1. ____________: a straw-colored liquid; makes up _________% of the blood; contains water, nutrients,
minerals, and proteins.
2. The remaining 45% of the blood consists of __________ ______________.
a. _____ __________ ________: most abundant; essential for transporting oxygen throughout the body.
Contain the red pigment ______________ which binds and carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
An adult human has 25 trillion RBC’s. Each cell lives ______ to _____ days.
_____
____________die and are replenished every second. ______________ shape allows cells to carry more
oxygen; allows flexibility. Red blood cells are produced in the ______________.
b. ____________________: fight infection; destroy bacteria; are produced in the_______
_____________and lymph nodes.
c. ____________________: are the smallest of the blood cells; considered to be nonliving; they are
important in _________.
The Cardiovascular System:
Blood flows through a network of blood vessels that extend between the ____________ and the body’s
tissues.
Blood vessels may be divided into two groups:
1. ___________________ circuit: carries blood to and from the
gas exchange surfaces of the lung.
2. ___________________ circuit: transports blood to and from the rest of the
body.
Types of blood vessels:
1. __________________ carry blood away from the
heart.
2. __________________ carry blood to the heart.
3. __________________ are small, thin-walled
vessels between the smallest arteries and
veins; thin walls allow for exchange of
nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
The Human Heart:
1. Is divided into ____ muscular chambers.
2. The __________ ___________ receives blood from the body.
3. The __________ ___________ discharges the blood to the lungs to remove
carbon dioxide and receives oxygen.
4. The __________ ___________ receives the now oxygenated blood from the
lungs.
5. The __________ ___________ ejects the blood throughout the body.
Where does a heartbeat start?
 __________________________________ located at top of right atria.
 Receives impulses from ______________________________________
 Right Atria contracts rest of heart follows contraction.
What is blood pressure?
 Pressure your vessels are under during ____________________ and ____________________ of
your heart.
 120/80 what does this mean?
o Top number – Systolic – pressure on
heart during heart contraction.
o Bottom number – diastolic – pressure
on heart during heart relaxation.
Diseases of Circulatory system
 Atherosclerosis – arteries become blocked with
plaque (saturated fats) and block flow of blood
and oxygen to parts of brain (___________) or
heart (_________________________).
 High Blood pressure – heart has to work harder,
increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Pathway of blood through the heart:
IVC & SVC Vena Cava Right atrium  Tricuspid
Valve  Right ventricle  Pulmonary valve 
Pulmonary artery  Lungs Pulmonary vein Left
atrium  Bicuspid valve  left ventricle  Aortic valve
 Aorta
The chart of the respiratory system shows the intricate structures needed for breathing. Breathing is
the process by which oxygen in the air is brought into the lungs and into close contact with the
blood, which absorbs it and carries it to all parts of the body. At the same time the blood gives up
waste matter (carbon dioxide), which is carried out of the lungs when air is breathed out.
1. The _______________ are hollow spaces in the bones of the head. Small openings connect them to
the nose. The functions they serve include helping to regulate the temperature and humidity of air
breathed in, as well as to lighten the bone structure of the head and to give resonance to the voice.
2. The ______________ (nasal cavity) is the preferred entrance for outside air into the respiratory system.
The hairs that line the wall are part of the air-cleaning system.
3. Air also enter through the _____________(oral cavity), especially in people who have a mouthbreathing habit or whose nasal passages may be temporarily obstructed, as by a cold or during
heavy exercise.
4. The _______________ are lymph tissue at the top of the throat. When they enlarge and interfere with
breathing, they may be removed. The lymph system, consisting of nodes (knots of cells) and
connecting vessels, carries fluid throughout the body. This system helps to resist body infection by
filtering out foreign matter, including germs, and producing cells (lymphocytes) to fight them.
5. The _______________ are lymph nodes in the wall of the throat (pharynx) that often become
infected. They are part of the germ-fighting system of the body.
6. The ______________ (pharynx) collects incoming air from the nose and mouth and passes it
downward to the windpipe (trachea).
7. The ___________________ is a flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the windpipe (trachea),
closing when anything is swallowed that should go into the esophagus and stomach.
8. The ___________ ________ (larynx) contains the vocal chords. It is the place where moving air being
breathed in and out creates voice sounds.
9. The ___________________is the passage leading from the mouth and throat to the stomach.
10. The ______________________ (trachea) is the passage leading from the throat (pharynx) to the
lungs.
11. The ____________ _____________ of the lungs are found against the walls of the bronchial tubes
and windpipe.
12. The ____________are bones supporting and protecting the chest cavity. They move to a limited
degree, helping the lungs to expand and contract.
13. The windpipe divides into the two main _____________ __________, one for each lung, which
subdivide into each lobe of the lungs. These, in turn, subdivide further.
14. The right lung is divided into three __________, or sections. Each lobe is like a balloon filled with
sponge-like tissue. Air moves in and out through one opening -- a branch of the bronchial tube.
15. The left lung is divided into two ___________.
16. The ______________ are the two membranes, actually one continuous one folded on itself, that
surround each lobe of the lungs and separate the lungs from the chest wall.
17. The bronchial tubes are lines with _____________ (like very small hairs) that have a wave-like
motion. This motion carried _____________ (sticky phlegm or liquid) upward and out into the throat,
where it is either coughed up or swallowed. The mucus catches and holds much of the dust, germs,
and other unwanted matter that has invaded the lungs. You get rid of this matter when you cough,
sneeze, clear your throat or swallow.
18. The ______________________ is the strong wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the
abdominal cavity. By moving downward, it creates suction in the chest to draw in air and expand
the lungs.
19. The smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tubes are called _________________, at the ends of which
are the air sacs or alveoli (plural of alveolus).
20. The _________________ are the very small air sacs that are the destination of air breathed in. The
_________________ are blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli. Blood passes
through the capillaries, brought to them by the ______________ _________________ and taken away by
the ______________ _____________. While in the capillaries the blood gives off carbon dioxide through
the capillary wall into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli.
Reproductive System
The reproductive system is the only body system that an individual can live without. It is the most important,
however, in continuation of the species.
The reproductive glands of the body are called the ____________. The gonads have two functions:
1) ______________________________________________________________
2) ______________________________________________________________
The female gonads are called ____________. They function to produce _______ or _______ and female sex
hormones.
The female sex hormones include:
1. _______________: responsible for egg and female body characteristics such as breast development, the
widening of the hips, and the development of the female reproductive system.
2) ___________________: prepares the _______________ for a developing _________________.
The male gonads are called _____________. They function to produce _____________ and
_________________________.
The male sex hormone is testosterone. Testosterone is necessary for the production of normal sperm and for
the physical characteristics of the male body such as _______________________________,
__________________________, and a deep voice.
During fetal development, the testes develop in the _________________ __________________.
Around the time of birth the testes descend into an external sac called the ________________, where the
temperature is _________________ than the body's (by about 3 degrees) to allow for proper sperm
development.
1) Sperm Development: A sperm is a ______________ cell produced in the ______________________. They mature
in the ________________ where they are stored until
ejaculation. During ejaculation they move into a tube
called the ___________________. The vas deferens merges
with the _______________ and eventually exits the body
through the penis.



The seminal vesicles, _______________________, and the
Cowper’s gland, provide a fluid rich in nutrients called
the seminal fluid that provides ____
____ and
________________ for the sperm.
The sperm and seminal fluid make up the ______________.
One drop of semen contains about 2.5 million sperm!
The human female reproductive system contains three main parts:
–the ______________, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm
–the ________________, which holds the developing fetus
–the ________________, which produce the female's ova.
The vagina meets the outside at the ___________, which also includes the ________________,
__________________ and ________________; during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the
Bartholin’s glands.
The vagina is attached to the uterus through the ____________, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via
the _______________ ____________.
Egg development: Each ovary contains ______________ which are clusters of cells surrounding an immature
egg. The purpose of the follicle is to help the egg mature and be released to become ___________________.
Of the 400,000 follicles, only about ________ actually become released, one per _____ days.
Egg release: The egg is released once the follicle matures. This release is
called ________________. The egg leaves the ovary and is swept into one of
the _________________ _______________ (oviduct). The egg moves along the
Fallopian tube by the movement of the tube's _____________. It is within the
Fallopian tube that the egg may become fertilized. After a few days the egg
enters the ____________. The opening of the uterus is called the ___________.
The canal leaving the cervix is the _______________. Menstruation occurs if
egg is not _____________________.
The Menstrual Cycle:
The average menstrual cycle in human females is _____ days. The cycle is
regulated by hormones released by the _______________ gland, ______________________, and ____________.
The menstrual cycle begins once a girl has experienced _________________ and ends when she reaches
____________________, at an average age of ______. Menstruation lasts for 3 to 7 days.
The menstrual cycle is made up of four parts:
1) __________________ phase (about 10 days): FSH and LH stimulate a follicle in the ovary to ___________.
This causes estrogen levels to rise. The estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to _____________ in
preparation of a fertilized egg.
2) _____________________ (3 – 4 days): large amounts of FSH and LH cause the follicle to rupture,
_______________ the mature egg to the Fallopian tube.
3) _____________ phase: the follicle turns yellow and is now called the ______________________. It begins
to release ______________________, which stimulates the growth and development of blood supply and
surrounding tissues in the ____________. The egg is most likely to be fertilized in the first _______ days of this
phase, about 10 – 14 days after the end of the last menstrual cycle. If the egg is fertilized, it will begin to
undergo cell division by _____________. It will _______________ in the lining of the uterus.
Reproduction & Pregnancy
•Human reproduction takes place as _____________ ________________ by sexual intercourse.
•During this process, the erect penis of the __________ is inserted into the female's ___________ until the male
ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina.
•The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the ___________ or
______________ ___________
for fertilization of the ___________ (egg).
•The average human pregnancy lasts ______________ or _______________ or 280 days.
•By day _____ the baby has all of its major organs formed and working.
•The baby is about the size of a _________ at this point.
•When the baby is ready to be born the _________________ sac around the baby
must first be broken.
•This is commonly called when a woman’s “____________ __________.”
•The “water” is actually amniotic fluid in which the baby swims during the pregnancy.
•This fluid is also breathed in by the baby to practice breathing.
•They do not drown because they are getting their ________________ supplied through the blood in their
__________________ ____________.
•_______________ secreted by mom cause the ________ to contract and squeeze the baby out.
•Pushing with _______________ muscles also helps.
Picture the typical delivery scene you see on tv: Mom is pushing, doctor is looking, nurses are watching.
Then the baby comes out, the umbilical cord is clamped & cut and the nurses take the baby. Right?
Now, in your head, zoom back over to the mom. See a problem?
Where is the other half of the umbilical cord? What about the placenta?
These 2 structures must also be delivered, just like the baby.
This is called the “afterbirth” because it comes after birth.
Cancers of the Reproductive System: * remember that cancer is uncontrolled cell growth/division
Male:
1. ______________________________- 3rd leading cause of death in males that is found in almost all men over
age ____.
2. ______________________________- leading cause of death in males ages _________; all men should perform
a self exam once a month, checking for unusual lumps or hard spots.
Female:
1. _______________________________ -effects ________ of all women; linked to early sexual activity and
multiple partners. Cervical cancer can be detected early by regular ___________ _____________.
2. __________________________- very rare and may be ________________.
3. _______________________ can result from high levels of ____________ used to treat __________________.
Practice Diagrams!!!