Download the urban renaissance and the late middle ages

THE URBAN RENAISSANCE
AND THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
GEOGRAPHICAL SCENE
Europe in
1200
• AT THE BEGINNING OF 12TH CENTURY,
EUROPE WAS A MOSAIC OF STATES:
– FRANCE
– HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
– NORMANS
– BYZANTINE EMPIRE
– MUSLIMS
– SLAVS
FRANCE
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
NORMANS (FORMER VIKINGS)
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
MUSLIMS or SARACENS
SLAVS
URBAN RENAISSANCE
• THE OPPOSITE TO RURAL IS ……..
URBAN
• THERE WAS A RENAISSANCE OF CITIES IN THE
12th CENTURY.
• SEVERAL REASONS:
–
–
–
–
Agricultural development.
Population grew.
Migration from countryside to cities.
Foundation of new cities.
Agricultural development
• Thanks to technological innovations, such as:
– Three-field crop rotation (spring, winter, fallow).
See 2-year vs 3-year
crop rotation sheet.
Population growth
– Use of the iron mouldboard plough.
– New type of harness enabled farmers to use
horses as draught animals.
See “Mouldboard plough
Roman plough” sheet.
vs
Foundations of new
cities
ACTIVITY 1
• Which of the following were innovations
introduced in European farming from the 11th
century onwards?
A) Iron-wheeled mouldboard plough.
B) Two-year crop rotation.
C) Roman wooden plough.
D) Three-year crop rotation.
ACTIVITY 2
• Look at the picture of the peasant in section 1
and describe it in your notebook, using these
words:
– Peasant, field, iron-wheeled, mouldboard plough,
furrow, sow, pull, oxen.
Development of the cities
• Cities were small and were inhabitated by
craftsmen and merchants.
• Peasants sold their products in the weekly
market of the city.
• Peasants became customers of craftsmen.
SYMBOL OF A
GLASS MAKER
CRAFTSMEN
WORKING
• Medieval cities were subject to the authority of
the feudal lord.
• But since the 12th century and on, the richer
inhabitants of the cities (bourgeoisie) demanded
greater autonomy.
• They elaborated charters of privileges (including
the liberties of the inhabitants of the cities).
• They established the ruling organs of the cities:
– Council (formed by elected representatives).
– Justice Court.
– Financial autonomy.
• The municipal government had to defend the city
and collect taxes.
City structure
• Cities were walled.
• Houses were small and streets were narrow and
dirty.
• Main buildings in a medieval town:
–
–
–
–
–
Town Hall, the symbol of urban power.
Marketplace.
Palaces of major merchants and nobility.
Cathedral and churches.
Convents of new religious orders (Franciscans,
Dominicans…).
CARCASSONE (France)
THE MEDIEVAL CITY OF CARCASSONE (SOUTH
OF FRANCE)
Facade of the
Reims
Cathedral
(1211-1275)
Town Hall of
Brussels
(1402-1420)
Interior of
the Reims
Cathedral
SOCIETY AND ECONOMY
• Society in Late Middle Ages is still hierarchical,
divided into the three estates.
• However, there were some little changes.
• Monarchs increased their power from the
13th century onwards:
– The king concentrated more power, the feudal
nobility lost it.
– The king is no longer a feudal king.
Nobility
• Nobles continued to enjoy privileges (such as
exemption from paying taxes).
• Some of them moved to the royal court,
others continued to live in their fiefs.
French nobility
– Miniature,
15th century
Clergy
• The bishops settled in cities.
• At the beginning of the 13th century, the first
mendicant religious orders appeared:
Franciscans and Dominicans. Their members
(friars) lived from begging or from their own
work. They founded monasteries in the cities.
Gregory XI and Clement V, popes during the
Late Middle Ages.
Dominicans and Franciscans
ACTIVITY 3
• In pairs, discuss with a partner on the changes
in the privileged estates (nobility and clergy).
• Write down your conclusions.
Peasantry
• The majority of peasants continued to live in
the fiefs. A peasant’s life was still very hard
and many could scarcely survive.
• Many peasants moved from the fiefs and
settled in the towns, working as craftworkers
or traders.
Diet: they eat the black bread
with
vegetables
(peas,
cabbage, turnips, onions). They
rarely had meat.
Possessions: most of the
peasants had a few
possessions. Beds were
not a common thing, and
most slept on a sort of
straw mattress on the
floor. Some houses had
livestock (chickens, cows,
pigs). The money they got
was to pay their taxes and
buy
the
necessary
supplies for living.
Some of the peasants emigrated to
the towns and became craftsmen.
Life: the peasants' life was a hard
one. However, peasants of the
middle ages enjoyed many holidays
(the peasant worked for about 260
days a year). The life of the peasant
was extremely difficult. They played
different sports.
Bourgeoisie
• The bourgeoisie (person = bourgeois) is a new
social group. They belonged to the nonprivileged estate.
• They
were
merchants
and
liberal
professionals (doctors, lawyers, architects…).
• The bourgeoisie emerged when the bourgs
developed into cities dedicated to commerce.
ACTIVITY 4
1. We use the word bourgeoisie in English, but
isn’t really an English word. Which language
do you think it comes from?
2. Look at these place names from different
countries. What do they have in common?
Strasbourg
Saint Petersburg
Hamburg
Burgos
Edinburgh
Canterbury
Gothenburg
Craftsmen
• Craftsmen were most of the population in
cities.
• Main crafts in medieval cities:
– Textiles.
– Construction.
– Food.
• They associated into guilds.
Guilds
• Craftsmen associated into GUILDS. These were
associations of craftworkers who practised the
same business.
• Workers of equal jobs settled in the same
streets.
• Three categories:
– Apprentice.
– Journeymen.
– Master craftsmen.
ACTIVITY 5
• Learn and make sentences with the following
words:
Revive (n.)
Surplus (n.)
Employment (n.)
Prosper (v.)
Bourgeoisie (n.)
Charter (n.)
Take care of (v.)
Collect (v.)
Wealthy (adj.)
• What are the causes of the towns’ revival?
• Which economic activities led to the growth of
cities?
ACTIVITY 6
• Which document guaranteed a city’s rights
and privileges?
• Which institution took care of the protection
of the city from attacks, ensured provisions for
the inhabitants, and collected taxes?
• What is the name of the building where the
council met?
ACTIVITY 7
• Learn and make sentences with the following
words:
Guild (n.)
Master (n.)
Apprentice (n.)
Fair (n.)
Seaport (n.)
Glazier sign
Shoemakers
Locksmith
ACTIVITY 8
Some of the most known medieval jobs
Miller
Stonemason
Blacksmith
Armorer
Falconer
Tailor
Carpenter
Cartwright
Butcher
Goldsmith
Metalsmith
Groom
Squire
Page
Silversmith
Grocer
Draper
Furrier
Weaver
Cooper
Brewer
Reeve
Fishmonger Baker
Look for information about these craftworkers. What did they do? Can you find
these jobs in modern cities?
Trade
• The increase in agriculture and craftwork
meant an important development in trade.
• Trade was important in the cities.
• People bought and sold food, luxury products,
raw materials in the cities.
• Some commercial routes developed to supply
markets:
– The Silk Route (or Spice Route).
– The Italian Routes.
– The Hanseatic Routes.
The Silk Route
Marco Polo (1254-1324)
• Venetian merchant traveller, whose travels are
recorded in the Book of the Marvels of the
World, a book that introduced Europeans to
Central Asia and China.
• The book is Polo’s accounts on China, which
he calls Catay.
• He was a counselor of the Chinese emperor,
Kublai Khan.
The Italian Routes
The Hanseatic Routes
European trade routes in 14th century
Trade fairs and currency
• Trade fairs were wholesale markets. They took
place once per year.
• Champagne Fairs were the most important
ones during the 12th and 13th centuries.
• Currency was common in this period and gold
substituted silver (“florin” and “ducat” were
the most widely used money).
CHAMPAGNE
Florin from Holland,
15th century
Ducat from Sicily,
12th century
Banking
• New payment methods developed:
– Cheques and delayed payment.
– Money changers.
• Rich merchants became bankers:
– They gave loans to other merchants.
– They founded banks in other cities.
The money changer and his wife (Quentin Matsys, 1514)
DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS
• Agricultural expansion finished at the end of
the 13th century:
– Ploughing up ended due to the fact that there
were no more fertile lands.
– Harvests were poor, which provoked starvation.
• Population weakened due to the poor diet.
The Black Death
• It was an epidemic that arrived to Europe in
1347.
• It came from Asia in some Genoese ships that
carried some infected rats.
• Physicians did not know how to treat this
disease.
The Black Death
• People became infected very fast in cities due to
overcrowding.
Around 25-65% of urban population died.
The cities decreed quarantine to avoid new
infections.
The plague affected every social group.
The Black Death
• Population descended to the level of the 11th
century:
Europe passed from 80 million inhabitants in
1300 to 45 millions in 1400.
20 million people died in only 20 years.
The most affected areas were the cities that
were close to the sea.
The Black Death
Pessimism grew among population:
 People thought that it was a punishment of God.
 Devotion developed among people.
 The countryside and many workshops were abandoned.
 Plunders and revolts became more common.
 Jews were blamed for this disease.
ACTIVITY 9
• From the following list, explain which were
factors and which were consequences of the
Black Death:
People got a
fever and
died
Hygiene was
poor
There were
lots of rats
The
population
fell
People lived
very close
together
Some people
got richer
Workers
demanded
higher wages
Sailors
brought the
disease back
from Asia
CULTURE
• The kings wanted more educated people to
work in the new administrative and legal
system.
• The bourgeoisie wanted their children to learn
how to run a business.
• New schools were stablished in the towns:
– Cathedral schools, for the children of the nobles.
– Other schools, ran by the town authorities, for the
children of the bourgeoisie.
• Universities were founded throughout Europe.
– Bologna (1088), Paris (1160), Oxford (mid 12th
century) were the first universities in the world.
– Some more were founded, such as Cambridge
(1208), Salamanca (1218), Padua (1222), Naples
(1224), and Montpellier (1289).
– Universities were divided into faculties:
•
•
•
•
Liberal Arts.
Medicine.
Law.
Theology.
• The universities followed the scholastic
method:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Reading of a text (lectio).
Setting out of a problem (quaestio).
Discussion (disputatio).
Decision (determination).
Synthesis of the ideas collected in summae.
St. Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, St. Bonaventure and St.
Albertus Magnus were the main representatives of
scholasticism.
14TH AND 15TH CENTURIES IN EUROPE
• Two main events took place during these two
centuries:
– The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453).
– The Western Schism (1378-1415).
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
• It was a war between France and England.
• English kings claimed the French throne since
they have fiefs in France and they were
relatives of the French kings (feudalism).
• The war was divided into several periods.
1.
Between 1337 and 1360. Edward III of England declared the war and
major success was got by his son, the Black Prince. This part ended with
the Treaty of Brétigny and England was given major concessions.
2.
Between 1369 and 1389. Due to the Castilian succession’s problems,
England fought against France. The Black Prince died and England was
continuously attacked by Scotland. The English king was obliged to sign a
truce.
3.
Between 1415 and 1453. English troops got major victories at the
beginning, but the peasant Joan of Arc managed to stop the English
attacks and the French kings reorganised their armies. Finally the French
kings expelled the English army from France.
4.
The kings of England just kept the city of Calais out of all the lands they
had controlled before the war had broken out.
The Hundred
Years’ War
Western Schism and Church
• The Catholic Church (led by the Pope) was in
crisis.
• Kings claimed more power over the national
churches and their incomes.
• The Papacy weakened and some Popes were
under the will of the French kings.
• Popes exiled in Avignon.
• In 1378 two popes were elected (one in
Rome, one in Avignon).
• That is known as the Western Schism.
• The solution came in the Council of Constance
(1415): the Catholic Church had again only
one pope.
The Western
Schism
• Since new heresies1 grew in the Christendom,
the Church created the Inquisition:
It was a justice court that persecuted heretics.
Severe sentences were imposed to heretics.
1
Heresies (pl.), heresy (sg.): that contradicts religious doctrine.
Consequences of the crisis
• Population dropped from 80 to 45 million
between 1300 and 1400.
• The economy suffered a recession (agricultural
production fell, trading profits were much lower).
• Social conflicts:
– In the countryside, peasant rebellions against the
landowners.
– In the cities, the population attacked the wealthier
classes, and destroyed Jewish districts blaming Jews
for all the catastrophes.
ACTIVITY 10
1) Look for information about the two main
heresies during this ages.
Hint: One happened during the XIIIth century, the other happend during
the XVth century.
2) Look for information about one social conflict
during the 14th century in Europe.
THE END
By Daniel Quijano Ramos
Geography & History teacher
IES Puerta de la Axarquía