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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, HEERAPATTI, AZAMGARH
Some Important Bacterial Diseases
S.No
.
1.
Disease
Pathogen
Epidemiolog
y
Airbone and
droplet
infection
Incubatio
n period
2-10 weeks
Symptoms
Pulmonary
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
2.
Diphtheria
Corynebacteriu
m diphtheriae
Airbone and
droplet
infection
2-6 days
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
6 hours to
2-3 days
4.
Leproxy
(Hansen’s
disease)
Mycobacterium
leprae
Direct and oral
(with
contaminated
food and
water)
Slowest
infectious and
contagious
Inflammation of
mucosa of nasal
chamber, throat
etc, respiratory
tract blocked
Acute diarrhea
and dehydration
3.
5.
Pertussis
(whooping
cough)
Tetanus
(Lock jaw)
Bordetella
pertussis
Contagious
and droplet
infection
Through injury
7-14 days
7.
Plague
Pasteurella (or
Yersinia) pestis
Indirected and
inoculative
(vector is rat
flea)
2-6 days
8.
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
10.
Salmonellosi
s
Sexual
transmission
Sexual
transmission
Direct and oral
2-10 days
9.
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
Treponema
pallidum
Salmonella
enteridis
6.
Clostridium
tetani
2-5 years
3-21 days
3 weeks
48 hours
Prophylaxi
s
BCG vaccine
isolation,
health
education
Coughing, chest
pain and bloody
sputum with
tuberculin
DPT vaccine
Skin
hypopigmentation
, nodulated skin,
deformity of
fingers and toes,
lepromin in skin
tests
Whoops during
inspiration
Degeneration of
motor neurons,
rigid jaw muscles,
spasm and
paralysis
Bubonic plague
affects lymph
nodes;
Pneumonic
plague affects
lungs and
septicemic plague
causes anaemia
Inflammation of
urinogenital tract
Inflammation of
urinoenital tract
Diarrhoea
Therapy
Streptomycin
, para-amino
salicylic acid,
rifampicin
etc.
Diphtheria
antitoxins,
penicillin,
erythromycin
Sanitation,
boiling of
water and
cholera
vaccine
Isolation
Oral
rehydration
therapy and
tetracycline
DPT vaccine
Erythromycin
ATS and
DPT
vaccines
Tetanus
antitoxins
Killing of
rats and
ratfleas,
plague
vaccine
Tetracycline,
streptomycin
,
chloromyceti
n
Avoid
prostitution
Avoid
prostitution
Isolation
Penicillin and
ampicillin
Tetracycline
and penicillin
Antibiotics
Dapsone,
rifampicin,
clofazimine
Some other Important Viral Diseases
S.No
.
1.
Disease
Pathogen
Chickenpox
(Varicella)
2.
Smallpox
(Variolla)
3.
Poliomyelitis
Herpeszoster
virus
(DNAvirus)
Variolavirus
(DNAVirus)
Polio-virus
(RNAvirus)
4.
Measles
(Rubeolla
disease)
Rubeollavirus
(RNAvirus)
Epidemiolog
y
Contagious
and Formite
borne
Incubatio
n period
12-20 days
Contagious
and Droplet
infection
12 days
Direct and
Oral
7-14 days
Contagious
and Droplet
infection
10 days
Symptoms
Dark red coloured
rash or pox
changing into
vesicles, crusts
and falling
Appearance of
rash changing into
pustules, scabs
and falling
Damages motor
neurons causing
stiffness of neck,
convulsion,
paralysis of
generally legs
Rubeolla (skin
eruptions)
coughing,
sneezing etc.
Prophylaxi
s
Now vaccine
available,
isolation
Therapy
Smallpox
vaccine
No case
reported after
1978
‘Salk’ vaccine
and oral
polio vaccine
Physiotherapy
EdmonstonB-vaccine,
isolation
Antibiotics and
sulpha drugs
Zoster
immunoglobulin
s (ZIG)
5.
Mumps
Mumpsvirus
(RNAvirus)
Rabies
virus (RNA
virus)
6.
Rabies
(Hydrophobia
)
7.
Trachoma
Chlamydia
trachomati
s
8.
Influenze
(Flu)
Myxovirus
influenzae
(RNA
virus)
9.
Hepatitis
(epidemic
jaundice)
Hepatitis-B
virus
Contagious
and Droplet
infection
12-26 days
Indirect and
inoculative
(vectors are
rabid animals
monkeys,
cats, dogs)
Contagious,
formite-borne
and flies
(vectors)
Air borne and
pandemic
10 days 1-3
months
Direct and oral
(with food and
water)
20-35 days
5-12 days
24-48
hours lasts
for 4-5
days
Painful
enlargement of
parotid salivary
glands
Spasm of throat
and chest
nmuscles, fears
from water,
paralysis and
death
Inflammation of
conjunctiva and
cornea leading to
blindness
Bronchitis,
sneezing
bronchopneumoni
a, leucopenia,
coughing etc.
Damage to liver
cells releasing
bilirubin which
causes jaundice
Mumpsvaccine
isolation
Antibiotics
Immunizatio
n of dogs
Pasteur
treatment (14
vaccines in
stomach)
Isolation
Tetracycline
and
sulfonamide
Isolation
Antibiotic
therapy
Proper
sanitation,
proper
coverage of
food, water,
milk etc. Use
of
chlorinated
or boiled
water etc.
Hepatitis-B
vaccine
Types of Plasmodium Spp. And Malaria
S.No.
Type of Malaria
Period of attack
Distribution
1.
Plasmodium
spp.
P. vivax
Benign tertian malaria
2.
P. ovale
Mild tertian malaria
After 48 hours (every
3rd day). Not fatal
After 48 hours
3.
P. malariae
4.
P. falciparum
Quartan malaria (also called
sub-clinical malaria)
Quotidian malaria or
Malignant tertian (most
serious) or
Irregular malaria
Tropical and temperate.
Most common malaria
West Africa and South
America
Tropical and Temperate
After 72 hours (every
4th day)
Daily
After 48 hours
Not fixed
Tropical
Some Interesting Fact About Immune System for Competitive Examinations :
•
Antigen : Antibody-generating agent.
•
Serology : Study of antigen-antibody interaction.
•
B-lymphocytes produce antibodies at the rate of 20 trillions per day.
•
Life-span of B-lymphocytes is of a few days, while that of T-lymphocytes is about 4 or 5 years
or more.
•
Primed cells : Memory cells and are modified suppressor T-lymphocytes.
•
Epitopes : Multiple antigenic determinant sites in an antigen, while paratropes are antigen –
binding sites of the antibody. Paratrope lies on Fab (Fragment antigen binding).
•
Two important groups of antigens are : ABO – system and Rh – system.
•
A vaccine acts as an antigen and antibody – provoking agent.
•
Five classes of antibodies :
 IgG : It is most abundant (80% of total antibodies) immunoglobulin mainly found in serum.
It is a Y-shaped tetrapeptide protein formed of two identical light chains (each of 214 amino
acids) and two identical heavy chains (each of 440 amino acids). Three disulphide bonds





•
interlink these chains : two between light and heavy chains and one between heavy chains.
These have the properties of transplacental transfer and binding ability to macrophages. Mol.
Wt. of IgG is 150,000. It is mainly involved in extracellular defence. It is a -globulin protein.
IgG acts as opsonin.
IgA : It is second most abundant immunoglobin (10-15%) with a mol. Wt. of 160000. It is a
dimmer molecule in which two -polypeptide chains are linked by J-polypeptide chain. It is
found in saliva, tears, colostrum, etc. It guards the mucosal surfaces. It is first antibody type
to be formed inside human body at about age of 4 months.
IgM : It is a polymer of five tetrameric peptide immunoglobin molecules interlinked by
disulphide bonds. It is called macro-globulin as has highest mol. Wt. (i.e. 900000). It is found
on surface of B-cells.
IgD : It is formed of four delta-peptide chains.
IgE : It is formed of epsilon heavy chain and is found in mast cells of tissues and serum. It is
least in amount. If triggers inflammatory response. It also mediates in allergic reactions.
Inflammatory response. It also mediates in allergic reaction.
ELISA-test : Enzyme linked Immunosobent Assay : A sensitive test for detection and
quantitation of antigens and antibodies.
•
SAFA – test : Solid Antigen Fluorescent Antibody Test : It is a modification of ELISA test in
which fluorescent – labeled antigers are used and interactions can be visualized.
•
Cytokines : These are soluble non-antibody proteins released by cells of immune system
e.g. interleukin-I produced by macrophages; perforin secreted by killer T-cells.
•
Joseph Miester : First person to be given antirabies vaccine.
•
Toxinosis : Lesion caused by the action of a toxin.
•
Types of Diseases :
 Endemic disease (En = in; demos = people). Regular occurrence of a disease in a given
geographic area or a population group e.g., common cold, sleeping sickness.
 Exotic diseases. Disease which is imported into a country in which it does not occur e.g.
Rabies in U.K.
 Zoonosis : An infectious disease spread from verlebrate vector to man e.g. Rabies.
 Epizootic disease : Occurrence of disease in only a few individuals widely separately in
space and time showing little or no connection e.g. polio, tetanus etc.
 Pandemic disease. An epidemic usually affecting a large population over wide geographic
area like nation, a continent or world e.g., Influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1957; Cholera in
1962 and now AIDS.
Some Interesting Facts about Cancers for Competitive Examinations :
•
Arneoplastic cells : Cancer cells undergoing abnormal and uncontrolled growth.
•
Oncology : Study of all aspects of cancer. Oncologists : Scientists involved in the cancer
research.
•
Oncoviruses : Tumour causing viruses.
•
In India, most common cancer type of human males is mouth-throat while that of human
females is uterine-cevical cancer (accounts for about 80% of all cases). According to 1988
report, in Delhi and Mumbai most common cancer type in human females is breast cancer. In
Delhi one in 40 women is affected with breast cancer. At the world level, breast cancer is
most common.
•
Nearly 40 per cent of cancer cases in India can be attributed to some form of tobacco use.
•
Fried and salty food, chutney and high use of chillies raise the cancer risk, while increased
use of vegetables and fruits reduce the risk.
•
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is technique to draw very deeply located tissue for their
biopsy and histological examinations.
•
Pap’s test : To detect cervix cancer.
•
Brachytherapy : A special radiotherapeutical technique in which a very high doze of
radiation is given to small volume of body tissues in short period from small radioactive
source like Radium, Cobalt-60; Iridium-192 etc. Another advanced technique of radiation
therapy of cancer is Intensity Modulation Radiotherapy (IMRT) in which non-uniform beams
are fired the affected organ from several angles to deliver desired doses to the tumour while
minimizing dose to surrounding organs.
•
Marry Collins : Developed the gene therapy for skin cancer. He genetically engineered the
tumour cells with a protein called Interleukin-2. Inside the body, tumour cells released
Interleukin-2 which stimulates the WBCs to attack cancer cells in the skin.
•
China has developed the world’s first officially licensed ‘gene therapy’ to treat cancer.
•
Former Miss World and Bollywood actress Aishwarya Rai is acting as a goodwill ambassador
to raise funds for the recently launched (October 2004) campaign called ‘Pink Ribbon’ against
Breast Cancer.
•
Pink Ribbon is an international symbol for support for breast cancer awareness.
•
About 80,000 new cases of breast cancers are detected every year in India. It is estimated
that one in 22 Indian females is likely to develop breast cancer.
•
Ashwagandha roots ans leaves of Tulsi (Ocinum) have anti-cancer properties.
•
New Cancer Drugs :
•
 Photoferrin : Developed in USA and useful against throat cancer.
 Doxorobocin : Commonly called Doxil and has anti tumour ingredient.
 Smart bomb : Dr. Raj Puri, A US based Indian scientists has reported that ‘smart bomb’ can
be used in cancer therapy. Smart bomb is formed of a cancer killing drug linked to an
immune substance called interleukin-13 which binds the specific receptors present on tumour
cells of brain tumours, kidney tumours and AIDS related Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Prof. Sir Alfred Cuschieri : Developed key hole surgery to fight cancer.
•
Tata Memorial Research Institute, Mumbai is Indian Institute for cancer treatment.
•
He La cells : Cancer cells capable to propagate outside a living system. These are named
after their donor, Henrietta Lacks, who dies of cervical cancer in 1951.
•
Ames Test : It is a routine screening test developed by Bruce Ames to know the
mutagenicity and carcinogenic nature of a substance.
•
Adjuvant chemotherapy is the technique of using several drugs at the same time.
•
There are three primary types of lung cancers – Bronchiogenic carcinoma (most common,
90%), Alveolar carcinoma and Pleural mesothelioma.
•
Leukemias are of three types : Lymphocytic leukemia (increase in number of
lymphocytes, enlargement of lymph nodes, etc.), Granulocytic leukemia and Monocytic
leukemia.
Four Types of Psychotropic Drugs
S.No.
1.
Type of Drug
Sedatives
tranquillisers
(depressant)
2.
Opiate narcotics
Opium, morphine, heroin, pethidine,
methadone
3.
Stimulants
4.
Hallucinogens
Caffeine (very mild), cocaine and its
derivative Novacaine, amphetamines.
(including dexamphetamine)
LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, charas,
bhang, marijuana
and
Examples
Benzodiazephines
barbiturates.
(e.g.
Vali-um),
Effects
Depress brain activity and produce
feelings of calmness, relaxation,
drowsiness and deep sleep (high
doses)
Suppress brain function, relieve
intense pain, produce temporary
euphoria
Stimulate the nervous system, make
a person more wakeful, increase
alertness
Alter
thoughts,
feelings
and
perceptions; hallucinations
Sources of Psychotropic drugs
s.no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
drugs
tobacco
Benzpyrene
opium
Morphine codeine
Heroin(diacetylmorphine)
Caffeine
7
8
9
10
Cocaine
LSD
Bhang
Ganja
source
Nicotiana tabaccum,Nicotiana rustica
Nicotiana tabaccum,Nicotiana rustica
Papaver somniferum
Papaver somniferum
Papaver somniferum
Thea chinesis,Coffea arabica,Theobroma
cacao
Erythroxylon coca
Claviceps purpurea
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica
11
12
Charas/ hashish
Marijuana
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica
Part of source
leaf
extract
Unripe capsule
processed
Acetylation of morphine
Leaves & twigs
Leaves
Unfertilized
female
inflorescence
Flowering top
Dried flowering plant
Certain Addictive Drugs and their Common Names
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Addictive Drugs
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Phencyclidine Piperidine (PCP)
Diacetylmorphine hydrochl-oride
Cocaine
Barbiturates
Marijnana
Concentrated Tetrahydro cannibinol
Psilocybin
Amphetamines
Common Names
Acid
Angel dust
Brown sugar
Coke
Downers (sleeping pills)
Grass
Hash
Magic mushroom
Speed
Differences between Depressants and Stimulants
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
Depressants
These decreases the activity of central
nervous system.
Effects-These induce calming effects,
relaxation, drowsiness and generally induce
sleep.
Example-Benzodiazephines and barbituric
acid
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
Stimulants
These increase activity of central
nervous system.
Effects-These
induce
excitement,
alertness, more wakefulness and
inhibit sleep.
Examples-Caffeine,
coaine
and
amphetamines
Interaction of Alcohol and Drug
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alcohol-drug combination
Alcohol
+
Barbiturates
(depression)
Alcohol + antihistamines
Alcohol + valium (Benzodiazepine)
Alcohol + marijuana or Hashish
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Alcohol + Aspirin
Benzodiazapines + Barbiturates
Amphetamine + Insulin
Nicotine + Cocaine
Cocaine + Antideressants
Biological effects
Increased depressant effect
Marked drowsiness
Dramatic increased sedative effect
Decreased coordination, increased reaction
judgement
Increased chances of damage to gastric mucosa
Increased sedation
Decreased insulin effect
Increased cardiovascular effects
Hypertension
time,
impaired
Some Interesting Facts abut Problems of Adolescence for Competitive Examinations :
A. TOBACCO ADDICTION :
•
Tobacco smoke mutates and inactivates P-53 gene which checks cancer growth.
•
Byssinosis : Acute bronchitis associated with generalized airflow obstruction.
•
1996 – Olympics held in Atlanta (USA) had been declared smoke free.
•
Health Care Foundation of India (HCFI) has suggested that tobacco should be treated like
any other narcotic as regular nicotine use may also lead to addiction.
•
In India, graph of smokers sky rocketed by 400 per cent during 1970-80 period done.
Meanwhile, a six fold increase in mortality from bronchitis and emphysema was also noted in
India.
•
An ‘Anti tobacco Bill’ has been long pending before parliament.
•
One out of 20 children are templed by the cigarette advertisements.
•
India is one of the top consumers of cigarette. Over 142 million men and 37 million women
above 15 years of age are regular smokers.
•
Lung cancer mortality risk for a heavy smoker is 20-30 times greater than that of a nonsmoker.
•
Central Tobacco Research Institute is located at Rajahmundry (A.P.).
B. ALCOHOLISM :
•
Alcoholism is a disease was declared by WHO in 1964.
•
Breath test : To estimate the blood alcohol by the analyzing the breath of an alcoholic.
•
Hangover : Mild effects of alcohol even after long period of its consumption.
•
Polyneuropathy : A degenerative disease of nervous system associated with chronic
alcoholism.
•
On the effects of alcohol on sexual behaviour, William Shakespeare stated ‘It provokes the
desire but it takes away performance.’
C. DRUG ADDICTION :
•
Analgesics : Which induce relief from pain e.g. Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Morphine, etc.
•
Rhinorrhoea : Excess watery discharge from the nasal mucosa.
•
Lacrimation : Excess secretion of tears.
•
Analeptic drugs : Respiratory stimulants.
•
Caffeinism : Caffein intoxication characterized by restlessness, nervousness, excitement,
insomnia, gastrointestinal disorders, etc.
•
Stimulants do not cause physical dependency so person does not show withdrawal
symptoms, but these cause phychological dependency so their withdrawal causes depression,
anxiety and restlessness.
•
Now drug abuse is no longer limited to traditional laser groups like slum dwellers, industrial
workers etc. but has spread its tentacles even in young and adolescent children and youth.
•
Antidote : A substance which is used to counter the effect of poisons e.g. alkali against acid
poisoning.
•
Antihistaminic drugs : Used against allergic problems e.g. Avil, Actifed.
•
Phocomelia : Child born with seal like underdeveloped limb by a woman who consumed
that drug thalidomide widely used in sleeping pills in 1960s.
•
 Use of LSD and other hallucinogens increased by 54%.
 Cocaine use increased by 168%.
 Use of marijuana increased by 37%.
Main Barbiturates : Seconal, Nembutal (Pentobarbitol); Tuinal, Amytal (Amobarbital),
Phenobarbital etc.
•
Main antipyretics : Paracetamol (crocin, metacin).
•
Stimulants are also called anti depressanta/mood elevators/superman drugs.
•
Examples of Amphetamines : Benzedrine, Dexedrine and Methedrine.
•
International Day against Drug Abuse and Illict Trafficking : 26th June.
•
Drug traffic : Illegal sale of dangerous drugs.
•
Benzodiajaphines are more effective than barbiturates in relieving anxiety than in inducing
sleep.
•
Hypnotic effect : Calming effect of barbiturates.
•
Narcotics are most powerful pain killers but these should be used with great caution as these
cause addiction.
•
Methadone : A synthetic narcotic drug and is most effective form of treatment for addiction
to heroin and other narcotics.
•
Mescalin : Also called trimethoxy phenethylamine. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid and is
derived from the flowering heads of Lophophora williamsii. It is second most common
hallucinogenic drug use.
•
Psilocybin : It is derived from two Mexican mushroom species : Psilocybe Mexicana and
Stropharia cubensis, commonly called magic mushrooms.
•
IV-drug : Any drug which is taken intravenously and includes addictive narcotic drugs like
heroin.
•
Phencyclidine : Drug used to control ‘rogue elephant’.
•
Pierre Jean Robiquei (1832) : First to isolate codein from opium.
•
Psiolocybe Mexicana is a sacred mushroom and is called God’s flesh.
•
Heroin is commonly called dynamite, while amphetamine is called speedball.
•
Cocktail : When cocaine is deliberately mixed with other drugs like barbiturates, cocaine etc.
to experience a sudden kick.
Name
Raw Material
Fruit
Apple Juice + Sugar
Barley (Malt)
Grape juice
Grape juice
Grape juice
3-6
4-5
4-5
7-13
8-10
Grape juice
Palm sap
Coco palm, rice
18-24
-
1.
2.
3.
Undistilled
Alcohols
(Simple
Fermentation
Products)
Cider
Beer
Claret (Red Wine)
Champagne (White wine)
Port (heavy, sweet, fortified wine, dark red or
white)
Sherry (fortified wine, pale gold to dark brown)
Toddy
Arrack
Distilled alcohols (Distilled fermented wines to
raise strength)
Hollands
Gin
Brandy
%age of
alcohol
3 to 24%
40
40-45
40-50
4.
Whisky
5.
6.
7.
Rum
Vodka (used in Russia)
Sake (used in Japan)
Rye
Barley
Apple, peach and cherry
juice
Barley,
rye,
maize,
potatoes
Molasses
Rye
Rice
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B.
40-50
45-55
45-55
40-55
Some Important Antibiotics and Source Produced by Actinomycetes.
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of antibiotic
Aureomycin (tetracycline)
Erythromycin
Neomycin
Streptomycin
From which derived
Streptomyces
Streptomyces erythreus
Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces griseus
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Carbomycin
Novobiocin
Amphotericin B
Terramycin (Oxytetracycline)
Chloromycetin (Chloramphenicol)
Streptomyces
Streptomyces
Streptomyces
Streptomyces
Streptomyces
halstedii
niveus
nodosus
rimosus
venezuelae
Some Antibiotics and Source Produced by Bacteria.
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name of Antibiotic
Bacitracin
Gramacidin
Tyrothricin
Polymyxin-B
Bacterial Source
Bacillus subtilus
B. brevis
B. brevis
Aerobacillus polymyxa
Few Antibiotics Produced from Fungi
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Antibiotic
Ustilagic acid
Ramaicin
Fumigalin
Saurvic acid
Proloferin
Baccatin
Campestrin
Penicillin
Griseofulvin
Cephalosprin
Micro-organism
Ustilago maydis
Mucor ramannianus
Aspergillus fumigatus
A. niger
A. proliferans
Gibberella baccata
Psalliota campestris
Pencillium notatum
P. Grisoefulvin
Cephalosporium acremonium
Microbial Source and uses of Organic Acids
S.No.
1.
Organic
Acid
Lactic acid
2.
Citric acid
3.
Itaconic
acid
Oxalic acid
Koji acid
Acetic acid
A. terreus (fungus)
Butyric
acid
Clostridium butylicum (bacterium)
4.
5.
6.
7.
Microbial source
Uses
Lactobacillus
bulgaricus,
L.
delbrueckii and Streptococcus lactis
(Bacteria)
Aspergillus niger (fungus)
Curdling of milk proteins.
A. niger (fungus)
A. oryzae (fungus)
Acetobacter aceti (bacterium)
Confectionery,
dyeing,
medicine,
silvering mirror etc.
Plastic and glass industries and jewelry
In medicines and many industries
As antiseptic
Used as vinegar in preparation of pickles,
also used to preserve vegetables and
meat
-
Microbial Source and use of Enzymes
S.No.
1.
Enzyme
Lipases
2.
Proteases
and
pectinases
Streptokinase
3.
Microbial source
Candida
lipolytica
(fungus)
Aspergillus
niger
(fungus)
Streptococcus
(bacterium)
Uses
Used in detergents to remove the oil stains from
the laundry. Also in flavoring of cheese
For clarification of fruit juices
Used as a ‘clot buster’ to dissolve the blood
clot in the blood vessels of the patients
4.
Glucose oxidase
5.
Invertase
6.
-amylase
7.
Dextran
8.
Cyclosporin A
9.
Statins
Penicillium
chrysogenum
(fungus)
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae (yeast)
Rhizopus japonicus
and
R.
oryzae
(fungus)
Leuconostoc
mesenteroides
Trichoderma
polysporum
Monascus
purpureus
suffering from myocardial infarction, so is
fibrinolytic.
Hydrolysis of sucrose, so also called sucrase
Digestion of starch and preparation of soft
centered candles. Also in softening and
sweetening of bread
Polymerization of simple sugars to form dextrin.
Immunosuppressive
agent
in
transplant
Blood cholesterol lowering agent
organ
OTHER IMPORTANT MICROBES
S
NO.
1
2
3
MICROBES
CATEGORY
IMPORTANCE
Propionbacterium sharmanii
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Methanobacterium
bacteria
Fungus- yeast
bacteria
4
5
6
7
Bacillus thuringiensis
Trichoderma
Baculoviruses
bacteria
fungus
Large holes in swiss cheese
Beverages,Bakery
Anaerobic sludge during sewage
treatment, rumen of the cattle
GMO Bt cotton Biocontrol agent
Biocontrol agent( root ecosystem)
Biocontrol agent
Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. The majority of baculoviruses
used as biological control agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus. These viruses are
excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. They
have been shown to have no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on
non-target insects. This is especially desirable when beneficial insects are being conserved to
aid in an overall integrated pest management (IPM) programme, or when an ecologically
sensitive area is being treated.