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Exam 4 Review: Cell Cycle
and Genetics
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
Leader:
Course:
Instructor:
Date:
Andre
BIOL 211
Dr. Debinski, Dr. Heath
October 23
Explain the cell cycle. Detail its four phases and changes occurring.
Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division found only in eukaryotic cells involving division of
both the nucleus and cytoplasm. How do they compare? What are their end results? What cells
do they produce?
Meiosis:
Mitosis:
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Mitosis and its Effects:
Explain all the steps occurring in Mitosis. Be sure to include and explain structures such as
chromosomes, chromatids, centromeres, centrioles, centrosomes, spindle fibers, mitotic
spindle, and the kinetochore microtubules.
Prophase:
Prometaphase:
Metaphase:
Anaphase:
Telophase:
Checkpoints are what regulate cell cycle events, and are basically regulatory molecules
determining if the cell proceeds with division. Explain the events occurring at the following
checkpoints in the cell cycle:
G1:
What are its four factors required to move on to G2?
What does the p53 protein do?
G2 :
Mitotic Checkpoints:
What is being regulated at the Metaphase check?
What does the 2nd check do?
When regulatory molecules are defective, mutations may occur where checkpoints fail and cells
divide uncontrollably. Explain cancer. Think about what defects cancerous cells exhibit, types of
tumors, and causes of cancer.
Two types of defects:
1.
2.
Types of Tumors:
Malignant:
Benign:
Carcinogens:
Pathogens:
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Meiosis and its Effects:
Define the following vocabulary:
Sex chromosomes:
Autosomes:
Karyotype:
Ploidy:
Homologs:
Genes:
Alleles:
Explain all the steps occurring in meiosis.
Meiosis I:
Prophase I:
Metaphase I:
Anaphase I:
Telophase I:
Cytokinesis
Meiosis II:
Prophase II:
Metaphase II:
Anaphase II:
Telophase II:
Cytokinesis
End Result:
Explain following processes which result in greater genetic variation from sexual reproduction:
Independent Assortment:
Crossing Over:
Outcrossing:
Nondisjunction occurs when both homologs or sister chromatids move to the same pole of the
parent cell, resulting in an incorrect distribution of chromosomes and an aneuploid zygote.
Trisomy:
Monosomy:
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Mendelian Genetics:
Gregor Mendel was interested in the transmission of traits from parents to offspring, or
heredity. Furthermore, during Mendel’s time, there were two hypotheses that tried to address
why offspring resembled their parents and how trait transmission occurred. Explain these
hypotheses.
Blending Inheritance:
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics:
For what reasons did Mendel choose the common garden pea as his model organism for his
experiments? What traits did he study?
Explain the different types of crosses, and how Mendel implemented them into his experiments.
Monohybrid:
Reciprocal:
Dihybrid:
Testcross:
Mendel explained his experimental results through a hypothesis called particulate inheritance
and the principle of segregation. Explain these.
Particulate Inheritance:
Principle of Segregation:
Mendel’s experiments formed the basis of the chromosome theory of inheritance, which stated
chromosomes were the carriers of genetic material. How did Thomas Hunt Morgan test the
chromosome theory?
Morgan discovered sex chromosomes. How are linked genes related to his experiments?
Sometimes genes are not clearly dominant or recessive. What does it mean to have incomplete
dominance? Codominance?
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