Download Chemistry, 2011

Mount Aspiring College
Course Outline for Students
Year 13 Chemistry; NCEA Level 3
Welcome to Chemistry, 2011
This course includes…
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Processes (7 weeks): Using
oxidation-reduction reactions to compare amounts of substances, leading to
analysis by titration of the composition of an oxidant or reductant (AS3.2),
electrochemical cells and associated calculations and equation writing.
Organic Substances (7 weeks): The properties, names, structures and
reactions of alkenes, alkynes, haloalkanes, amines, alcohols, aldehydes,
ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, acyl chlorides, amides. Tests to distinguish
between different organic compounds.
Properties of Particles, Bonding and Thermochemistry (7 weeks):
Properties of particles (electron configurations and trends in atomic
properties), molecular and ionic substances (bonding, shapes and polarity).
Heat transfer and energy changes for processes, including calculations of
enthalpy changes.
Aqueous Systems (7 weeks): The use of equilibrium principles to describe
the composition of aqueous solutions, including acids and bases and the
dissolving of sparingly soluble substances.
There is an optional extended practical chemical investigation (AS3.1).
Students who are interested in completing this may propose a topic for
consideration.
You are expected to retain understanding of the concepts encountered in
Level 2 chemistry.
Assessment and reassessment
The Achievement Standards for Chemistry are on the following page. Because the internal
standards are larger in scope than Level 1 Science or Level 2 Chemistry, there may not be
opportunities for any second attempts. There will be practices for the external standards
during the year.
Rules and Regulations
There are some very specific rules about assessments. Please refer to your NCEA
handout, particularly about the ownership of work and plagiarism.
Stationary and Equipment
You must purchase a Student Theory Workbook ($25). You will be invoiced by the bursar
upon receipt of the workbook.
It is recommended that you use A4 refill and a folder for your notes. If you prefer, you may
use 1B5 books or similar. As well as these you will need a scientific calculator, ruler and
pencil.
Homework and work habits
You are expected to keep your work folder well organised and up-to-date. You will be
required to complete some homework most nights. When little or no formal homework is
set you should be revising work already covered. Revision of work should be regular and
ongoing.
Tutorials
If you need extra help with a topic, homework assignment or lab, please talk to me as soon
as possible. I am available for a tutorial any time as long as you schedule it in advance.
Don’t put it off. One on one tutorials clear up small misunderstandings fast.
Laboratory work
Normal laboratory safety guidelines apply. Some chemicals are very corrosive, so closed
shoes should be worn.
Achievement Standards – Level 3 Chemistry
1
2
These achievement standards are derived from Chemistry in the New Zealand
Curriculum, Learning Media, Ministry of Education, 1994, p. 28, achievement
objectives 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3.
Terms

Describe involves identifying, naming, drawing, giving characteristics
of, giving an account of, defining, and/or carrying out simple
calculations.
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Explain and apply involves describing as well as giving reasons for,
making links between chemical concepts and/or observations, or
carrying out calculations.
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Discuss involves showing understanding by analysing, interpreting,
justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, and/or
calculating.
Explanatory Notes
1
This achievement standard is derived from Chemistry in the New Zealand
Curriculum, Learning Media, Ministry of Education, 1994, all achievement
objectives from pp. 28 and 35. It also meets the requirement of p. 14 that, ‘by
the time they have completed Level 8, students will have carried out at least
one extended practical investigation’.
2
The extended practical investigation is to be done individually. Instructions
for an appropriate analytical technique that can be used in a school laboratory,
or equivalent, may be provided.
3
The investigation should be based on an analytical technique such as titration,
precipitation, or colorimetry, with the degree of complexity being at
curriculum Level 8 or equivalent. Pre-calibrated measuring equipment such as
water test kits, and dissolved oxygen meters should not be used.
4
A logbook containing details of development of the procedure, raw data, and
calculations must be kept throughout the investigation.
5
An extended practical chemistry investigation will involve:
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developing and carrying out a procedure to collect data about a possible
trend in the amount of a substance
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collecting and recording a sufficient quantity of data to enable a
conclusion to be reached
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processing of the data to reach a conclusion
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presenting a report that contains:
 a statement of the purpose of the investigation
 a description of the procedure that includes preparation of samples
and solutions used, control of significant variables, and the
analytical technique used
 summary of the collected and processed data
 a conclusion based on the processed data.
6
A quality extended practical chemistry investigation will involve:
Chemistry 3.1 (90694) Carry out an extended practical chemistry investigation
involving quantitative analysis. (4I)
This achievement standard involves carrying out an extended practical chemistry
investigation individually. It will involve the development of a procedure to collect
data in relation to a possible trend in the amount of a substance, collecting and
processing data, interpreting the results to reach a conclusion, and presenting a report.
Achievement Criteria
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with
Excellence
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Carry out an extended
practical chemistry
investigation
involving quantitative
analysis.
Carry out a quality
extended practical
chemistry
investigation
involving quantitative
analysis.
Carry out a high
quality extended
practical chemistry
investigation
involving quantitative
analysis.
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7
developing and carrying out a procedure to collect quality data about a
possible trend in the amount of a substance
collecting and recording a sufficient quantity of data to enable a valid
conclusion to be reached
accurate processing of the data as appropriate to the procedure used, to
reach a valid conclusion
presenting a report that contains:
 a statement of the purpose of the investigation and relevant
background information
 a description of the final procedure in sufficient detail for the
investigation to be duplicated
 an example, using experimental data obtained, of the mathematical
steps used to process the data
 a summary of the collected and processed data
 a valid conclusion based on the processed data relevant to the
purpose of the investigation
 a discussion that evaluates the procedure used or the reliability of
the data.
A high quality extended practical chemistry investigation is a quality extended
practical investigation that also involves:
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checks to determine the reliability of the procedure
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accurate processing of data using appropriate significant figures
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in the report:
 a description of the final procedure that shows an understanding of
the technique used, and reasons for any modifications to the
procedure
 a comprehensive evaluation of the whole investigation that
considers:
○ the significance of the results in relation to the background
information and the validity of the conclusion
○ the reliability of the data by evaluating the procedure used and
sources of error.
Chemistry 3.2 (90695) Determine the composition of an oxidant or reductant by
titration (2I)
This achievement standard involves individually carrying out a titration involving an
oxidation-reduction reaction, and calculating the concentration of the oxidant or
reductant in the solution.
Achievement Criteria
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with
Excellence
 Carry out an
oxidation-reduction
titration with limited
precision.
 Carry out an
oxidation-reduction
titration with
reasonable precision.
 Carry out an oxidationreduction titration with
high precision.
 Calculate the
concentration of the
oxidant or reductant
using titration data.
 Determine the
composition of the
sample being
analysed.
 Accurately calculate the
composition of the sample
being analysed.
Explanatory Notes
1
The titration procedure and balanced equation will be provided.
2
In the calculation of the concentration of the oxidant or reductant or
composition of the sample, the titration data used may be that collected by the
student or that provided by the assessor.
3
Determination of the composition of the sample will involve one mathematical
conversion between the concentration of the solution analysed and the
composition of the sample, eg:
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concentration of the sample before dilution
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concentration in grams per litre (g L–1) or % (w/v).
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% composition (or purity) of a solid.
4
This note provides more detailed guidance on the evidence expected for each
phase of the assessment.
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For achievement
Limited precision requires:
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at least two recorded titre values must fall within a range of 0.6
mL; the average titre value must be within 0.6 mL of the expected
outcome.
Calculate the concentration requires:
 using only titre values within a range of 0.6 mL to calculate the
average volume
 the calculation of the concentration of the unknown solution must
be carried out using an appropriate procedure (not provided). A
minor numerical error is allowed.
For achievement with merit
Reasonable precision requires:
 at least three recorded titre values must fall within a range of 0.4
mL; the average titre value must be within 0.4 mL of the expected
outcome.
Determine the composition of the sample requires:
 using only titre values within a range of 0.4 mL to calculate the
average volume
 the composition of the sample being determined using a correct
procedure.
For achievement with excellence
High precision requires:
 at least three recorded titre values must fall within a range of 0.2
mL; the average titre value must be within 0.2 mL of the expected
outcome.
Accurately calculate the composition of the sample requires:
 using only titre values within a range of 0.2 mL to calculate the
average volume
 correctly determining the composition of the sample, using correct
units and appropriate number of significant figures
 evidence of being able to carry out calculations involving reactions
where the reactants are not in a 1:1 mole ratio.
Chemistry 3.3 (90696) Describe oxidation-reduction processes (3E)
This achievement standard involves describing oxidation-reduction processes.
Achievement Criteria
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with
Excellence
 Describe oxidationreduction processes.
 Explain and apply
oxidation-reduction
processes.
 Discuss oxidationreduction processes.
Explanatory Notes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Processes involve reactions and calculations, which may include electrochemical
cells and their properties, the use of reduction potentials, and spontaneity of
oxidation-reduction reactions.
Calculations may include determination of oxidation numbers, mole ratios and
those related to electrochemical cells.
Knowledge of appearance and state of the following reactants and the product to
which they are converted in an oxidation-reduction reaction is required.
Oxidants will be limited to: O2, Cl2, I2, Fe3+, dilute acid (with metals), H2O2,
MnO4– (reacting in acidic, basic or neutral conditions), Cu2+, Cr2O72–/H+, OCl–,
concentrated HNO3, IO3–, MnO2.
Reductants will be limited to: metals, C, CO, H2, Fe2+, Br–, I–, H2S, SO2, SO32–,
S2O32–, H2O2, H2C2O4.
Appropriate information relating to other oxidants or reductants will be
provided.
Standard reduction potentials will be included where required.
Chemistry 3.4 (90697) Describe properties of particles and thermochemical
principles. (5E)
This achievement standard involves describing properties of atoms, molecules, and
ions, and thermochemical principles.
Achievement Criteria
Chemistry 3.5 (90698) Describe aspects of organic chemistry. (5E)
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with
Excellence
This achievement standard involves describing the structure, physical properties, and
reactions of organic compounds.
 Describe properties
of particles and
thermochemical
principles.
 Explain and apply
properties of particles
and thermochemical
principles.
 Discuss properties of
particles and
thermochemical principles.
Achievement Criteria
Explanatory Notes
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with
Excellence
 Describe aspects of
organic chemistry.
 Explain and apply
aspects of organic
chemistry.
 Discuss aspects of organic
chemistry.
1
Particles are atoms, ions, and molecules.
2
Properties of particles include:
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electron configuration of atoms and ions of the first 36 elements (using
s,p,d notation)
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special characteristics of transition metals (variable oxidation state,
colour) related to electron configuration. Transition metals will be
limited to iron, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper and zinc
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periodic trends in atomic radius, ionisation energy, and
electronegativity, and comparison of atomic and ionic radii
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Lewis structures and shapes (up to six electron pairs about the central
atom for molecules and polyatomic ions, including those with multiple
bonds)
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polarity of molecules
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attractive forces between atoms, ions, and molecules. These will include
ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and intermolecular attractions due to
temporary dipoles and permanent dipoles (including hydrogen bonding).
Explanatory Notes
3
1
Aspects of organic chemistry includes:
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structures of organic compounds including constitutional isomers and
enantiomers
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naming of organic compounds using IUPAC conventions
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physical properties of organic compounds
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reactions of organic compounds.
2
Organic compounds are limited to those containing one or more of the
following functional groups: alkene, haloalkane, amine, alcohol, aldehyde,
ketone, ester, carboxylic acid, acyl chloride, amide.
3
Structures and names of organic compounds are limited to those compounds
containing no more than eight carbons.
Thermochemical principles include:
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transfer of heat between the system and the surroundings
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calculations involving the use of specific heat capacity
4
Physical properties of organic compounds are limited to solubility, melting
point, boiling point, rotation of plane-polarised light.
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5
Reactions of organic compounds include acid-base, oxidation, elimination and
substitution reactions. Substitution reactions include esterification, hydrolysis,
and polymerisation.
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acid-base is limited to reactions of carboxylic acids, amines, and
carboxylate and alkylammonium salts
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 cH,  fH,  rH,  vapH,  subH, and  fusH
Hess’s Law including application of
 rH(=  fH((products) –  fH((reactants)
bond enthalpies.
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oxidation is limited to reactions using the following reagents: MnO 4–
/H+,
Cr2O72–/H+, Tollens’, Fehling’s and Benedict’s
elimination is limited to reactions using the following reagents: KOH in
alcohol and concentrated H2SO4
substitution is limited to reactions using the following reagents:
concentrated HCl, HBr, SOCl2, PCl3, PCl5, NaOH, KOH (in alcohol or
aqueous solution), NH3, primary amines, primary alcohols/H +, primary
alcohols, H2O/H+, H2O/OH–
polymerisation is limited to formation of polyesters and polyamides
including proteins.
Chemistry 3.7 (90700) Describe aqueous systems using equilibrium principles
(5E)
This achievement standard involves describing properties of aqueous systems using
equilibrium principles.
Achievement Criteria
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with
Excellence
 Describe properties
of aqueous systems.
 Explain and apply
properties of aqueous
systems.
 Discuss properties of
aqueous systems.
Explanatory Notes
1
Aqueous systems are limited to those in which proton transfer occurs and those
involving a sparingly soluble ionic solid.
2
Properties of aqueous systems are related to the nature and the concentration
of the species present in the solution. Description, explanation and application,
or discussion of these properties may be qualitative and/or quantitative.
3
Qualitative evidence may include
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correlation between acid or base strength, Ka and pH
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4
relative equilibrium concentrations of dissolved species
variability in solubility of a sparingly soluble salt due to the formation
of a complex ion, the addition of a common ion, or the reaction of a
basic anion with added acid
features of titration curves including buffer region, equivalence point
and selection of indicator (titrations of weak acids with weak bases are
excluded)
the nature of buffer solutions.
Quantitative evidence includes calculations involving

Ka, Kw and pH limited to
 solutions of bases, monoprotic acids and buffers
 those in which the extent of reaction is small so that the
equilibrium concentration of a dissolved weak acid can be
approximated by the initial concentration, ie [HA] = c(HA)
 pH at a particular point in a titration;

Ks and solubility limited to
 AB, A2B and AB2 type solids where neither of the ions A or B
react further with water
 calculating the concentration of one ion given the other
 calculating the solubility in water and in solutions already
containing one of the ions A or B (a common ion)
 predicting precipitation or dissolution.
Achievement Standards to be studied in 2009
Approx.
time
(weeks)
Standard
number
2
3.2
AS90695
5
3.3
Description
Credits
Internal/
(20) or (24) External
Determine the composition of an
oxidant or reductant by titration
2
I
Describe oxidation-reduction processes.
3
E
Describe properties of particles and
thermochemical principles.
5
E
Describe aspects of organic chemistry.
5
E
Describe aqueous systems using
equilibrium principles.
5
E
4
I
AS90696
7
3.4
AS90697
7
3.5
AS90698
7
3.7
AS90700
Note:This Achievement Standard is
optional.
4
3.1
AS90694
Carry out an extended practical
chemistry investigation involving
quantitative analysis.
Record of Achievement
LEVEL 3 SCIENCE
Name:_______________________
Standard Title of the assessment
number
Assessment
type
Total Credits =
Credits gained
or test mark