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Chapter 13, Section 1 Notes
 Title:
Sam Houston’s Government
 Main
Idea: After gaining independence,
Texans faced the challenge of building
a new nation.
 Key
Terms: capitol, annexation,
expenditure, revenue, tariff
I. Houston Forms a Government
A. In September 1836, Texans elected
Sam Houston as the first president of
Texas and Mirabeau B. Lamar as the
first vice president of the Republic.
B. They approved the Constitution of
1836 and the proposal that Texas join
the United States.
I. Houston Forms a Government
C.
Stephen F. Austin was named
Secretary of State, but served
only a few weeks. He died in
December from pneumonia.
II. The United States Delays Annexation
A. Most Texans had emigrated from the U.S.,
had strong cultural and business ties to
the U.S., and wanted U.S. protection.
Therefore, they favored annexation, or
becoming part of the U.S.
B. Mexico refused to recognize Texas’s
independence.
C. The U.S. hesitated to annex Texas
because it did not want to hurt relations
with Mexico.
II. The United States Delays Annexation
D. Also, antislavery groups were
against annexation because
Texas would join the Union as a
slave state.
III. Recognition As a Nation
A. U.S. President Andrew Jackson
sent Henry Morfit of Virginia to
investigate Texas on a fact-finding
mission. Jackson wasn’t ready to
recognize Texas as a nation.
B. So Houston sent William H.
Wharton and Memucan Hunt to
Washington, D.C., to work for both
annexation and recognition.
III. Recognition As a Nation
C. In March 1837, the USA was the
first nation to recognize Texas
as an independent nation.
D. J. Pinckney Henderson later
obtained recognition from
France, Great Britain, and the
Netherlands.
IV. Native American and Texan Conflicts
A. As Anglo-American settlers
increased in Central Texas, so did
raids by the Comanches, Kiowas,
and other Native Americans.
B. Cynthia Ann Parker was one of
many young children that were
kidnapped during this time.
IV. Native American and Texan Conflicts
C. Houston called on the Texas Rangers
to patrol Central Texas and decrease
the raids.
D. He also worked to improve relations
with the Native American groups,
urging peace, even though the
Senate refused to accept the treaty
that was supposed to give the
Cherokees title to their land.
V. Texas Debt Soars
A.
B.
C.
The Texas government encountered financial
problems, as its expenditures (money paid
out), were greater that its revenue (money
received).
To raise money, the Texas congress placed a
tariff, or tax, on various goods imported into
Texas.
By the end of Houston’s first term as
president, the public debt (money owed) of
Texas had climbed to 2 million.
VI. The Release of Santa Anna
A.
He renounced all promises made in
Texas.
B.
Overall, his release had NOT improved
Texas-Mexico relations and Mexico still
refused to recognize Texas
independence.
Chapter 13, Section 2 Notes
• Title: Lamar Becomes President
• Main Idea: President Lamar’s policies
differed sharply from Houston’s policies.
• Key Terms: endowment fund, cabinet,
redback
I. Lamar Becomes President
A. The Constitution of 1836 stated that the
president could NOT serve consecutive
terms; therefore Houston could not be
reelected after his first term.
B. In 1838, Lamar became President of
Texas. He opposed annexation and
believed that Texas would be a
powerful, independent nation that
extended all the way to the Pacific
Ocean.
I. Lamar Becomes President
C. He also believed in public
education and set aside land as an
endowment fund to support
schools and universities.
D. He is known as the “Father of
Education in Texas”.
II. The Capital is Moved to Austin
A. The capital was moved from
Houston to a new site located on
the Colorado River near Waterloo
village. Edwin Waller was put in
charge to lay out streets and
construct the city.
B. Lamar and his cabinet arrived there
in October 1839 and named it
Austin, after SFA.
III. Lamar’s Policy Toward the
Native Americans
A. Lamar reversed Houston’s policies of
peace and attacked Native Americans.
B. He believed the Cherokees had no claim
to the lands they occupied.
C. So he ordered them out of Texas as the
army attacked and destroyed Cherokee
villages.
III. Lamar’s Policy Toward the
Native Americans
D. Along the Neches River nearly 100
Cherokees were killed, including
Duwali, also known as Chief
Bowles.
E. They were forced north of the Red
River.
IV. Raids Lead to Council House Fight
A. In 1840, the Comanches agreed to meet
with the Texans and exchange captives.
The Comanches only brought 1 girl who
appeared bruised and beaten.
B. The Texans were angry and they
attempted to take the Comanche
negotiators as hostages until the
Comanches freed all their Anglo
captives.
IV. Raids Lead to Council House Fight
C. Result? A bloody battle called the
Council House Fight in which 7
Texans and 35 Comanches died.
D. The Texas Rangers led by Ben
McCulloch, fought back and killed
many Comanches in revenge
attacks.
V. Texas Rebuilds Its Navy
A. Lamar built up the Texas Navy
and ordered new ships into
Mexican waters.
B. Overall, his goal was to force
Mexico to recognize Texas as
an independent nation.
VI. The Santa Fe Expedition
A.
In 1841, Lamar sent an expedition to Santa
Fe to control the region and open trade with
New Mexico.
B.
Big Problems Along the Way:
i. Heat, Lack of water
ii. Attacks by Native Americans
iii. Fighting with the Mexican Army
C.
Reasons Why the Expedition Failed:
i. Loss of many lives and imprisonment
ii. Additional public debt
iii. Angered Mexicans
VII. Financial Difficulties
A. Lamar spent millions fighting Native
Americans and reorganizing the
navy.
B. He also failed in his attempts to
borrow from the U.S. and European
governments and to back up his
paper money known as redbacks,
which quickly shrank in value.
ISSUES of
the Republic
of Texas
Annexation
Capital
Education
Native
Americans
Military
Budget
(Government
Spending)
HOUSTON
LAMAR