Download Topic 2 - Ecology

Topic 2
Ecology
1. Ecosystems & Biomes
2. Ecosystem Interactions
3. Chains, Webs & Pyramids
4. Cycles of Matter
5. Ecosystem Response to Change
6. Changes In Populations
Topic 2: Lesson 1
Resources
1. Bozeman Science – Environmental Science
2. Read Chapter 38.1: p. 768
3. Read Chapter 39.1-39.5: pp.790-803
4. Chart – Ecology Vocab
5. Worksheet – Abiotic & Biotic Factors
6. Video – Introduction to Biomes
7. Finish Line: Biomes; pp. 188-195
8. Google Slides: Biomes
9. Quizlet Live: Biomes
10. POGIL: Biomes of North America
11. Web Quest – Biomes
12. Brainrush – Hierarchy of Life
ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES
Levels of Organization
Biotic & Abiotic Factors
Terrestrial Biomes
Aquatic Biomes
Marine Biomes
Topic 2: Lesson 2
Resources
1. Read Chapter 38.1: pp. 768-771
2. Read Chapter 38.3: pp. 774-776
3. POGIL: Ecological Relationships
4. Worksheet: Symbiosis
5. Virtual Lab – Model Ecosystems
6. Invasive Species – Zebra Mussels
7. What the Stuff: 5 Extremely Invasive Species
8. Sci Show – Invasive Species: The Story of Bunny
ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS
Ecological Relationships
• Populations are in competition for the same
resources
– Each species occupies its own niche, or role in the ecosystem
– Resource partitioning – species use the same resources but
in different ways or at different times
Ecological Relationships
• The principle of competitive exclusion states that there cannot be
more than one species playing the exact same role in an ecosystem
Mutualism (+/+)
Commensalism (+/0)
Parasitism (+/-)
Predation (+/-)
Predator-Prey Relationship
Herbivory (+/-)
Competition (-/-)
Types of Competition
Intraspecific
• Competition for resources
within a species
Interspecific
• Competition for resources
between two different species
Competition for Resources
Keystone Species
• A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a
unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions.
• Without the keystone species, the ecosystem would be
dramatically different or cease to exist altogether.
Keystone Species
• Sea otter (Pacific Northwest): feed on sea urchins, controlling their
population.
• Without otters, urchins would eat up the habitat's kelp. Kelp
(giant seaweed, a protist) is a major source of food and shelter for
the ecosystem. Some species of crabs, snails, and geese depend
on kelp for food. Many types of fish use the huge kelp forests to
hide from predators. Without sea otters to control the urchin
population, the entire ecosystem would collapse.
Invasive Species
• A non-native species whose introduction does
or is likely to cause economic or environmental
harm and/or harm to human health
Cane Toad
Native To: South America,
Central America, Mexico, and
extreme southern Texas
Topic 2: Lesson 3
Resources:
1. Read Chapter 38.3 pp. 774-6
2. POGIL: Ecological Pyramids
3. Crash Course Ecology – Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain
4. Cash Man Cuneo – Food Chains
CHAINS, WEBS & PYRAMIDS
Food Chain
Food Web
Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Biomass
LESS
MORE
Biomass
Pyramid of Energy
Only about 10% of the
energy available within
one trophic level
is transferred to the next
trophic level.
Energy Flow
• Energy in an ecosystem flows in
one direction
Energy flow
– From the sun to the heterotrophs
Topic 2: Lesson 4
Resources
1. Read Chapter 38.4: pp. 778-783
2. POGIL: Nutrient Cycles
3. Finish Line: Cycles of Matter; pp. 204-210
4. Nitrogen Cycle Story
5. Crash Course: Ecology – The Hydrologic & Carbon Cycles
6. Crash Course Ecology – Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles
CYCLES OF MATTER
Recycling Matter in the Biosphere
• Elements, nutrients, chemical compounds,
and other forms of matter are cycled from one
part of the biosphere to another in
biogeochemical cycles
• Matter is recycled and transformed within and
between ecosystems
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
Topic 2: Lesson 5
Resources
1. Read Chapter 38.2 pp. 772-3
2. POGIL: Succession
3. Interactive – Succession
4. Read Chapter 37. 2-5 pp. 752-762
5. Wolves Change Rivers
6. Crash Course Ecology – Ecological Succession: Change is Good
ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE TO CHANGE
Ecological Succession
• The series of predictable changes that occurs
in a community over time
• Ecosystems are constantly changing in
response to natural and human disturbances
Terrestrial Succession
• As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants
gradually die out and new organisms move in,
causing further changes in the community
Aquatic Succession
Topic 2: Lesson 6
1. Crash Course Ecology – Population Ecology: The Texas Mosquito Mystery
2. Read Chapter 40.5 p. 819
3. POGIL: Population Growth
4. Worksheet – Primary Productivity & Limiting Factors
CHANGES IN POPULATIONS
Populations Are Always Changing
• Population dynamics –
the study of how quickly
or slowly a population
grows and why
– Demography studies the
distribution, density, births,
death, number or
individuals, and structure
of the population
Populations Growth Rates
• Under ideal conditions, populations are
always increasing (births > deaths)
• Growth is limited in real life conditions
Populations Are Limited
• Carrying Capacity – the largest number of
individuals of a population that an
environment can support
Human Population Growth
Age Structure Diagrams
Limiting Factors & Population Growth
• Ecologists study the primary productivity of
an organism – the rate at which organic
matter is made by producers. One factor that
controls this is the amount of available
nutrients
• Limiting nutrient – a nutrient that is scarce or
cycles very slowly
Limiting Factors & Population Growth
• A limiting nutrient is an example of a more
general ecological concept; a limiting factor
• Limiting factor – a factor that causes
population growth to decrease
Limiting Factors & Population Growth
• Density-Dependent – a limiting factor that
depends on population size
– Ex: competition for resources (food, water, space),
predation, parasitism, disease
Limiting Factors & Population Growth
• Density-Independent – factors that affect all
populations in similar ways regardless of the
population size
– Examples: Unusual weather, natural disasters,
seasonal cycles, volcanoes, floods, droughts, etc.
Limiting Factors & Population Growth
Agricultural Runoff & Eutrophication
Agricultural Runoff & Eutrophication
• When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large
amount of a limiting nutrient (excess N & P)
it immediately increases the amount of
algae, which is known as algal bloom