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Chapters 3 - 4 Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Analysis of Financial Statements Balance Sheet Assets Liabilities and Shareholder’s Equity Cash Inventory Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable Notes Payable Accrued Wages Property Plant Equipment Bank Loans Bonds Total Assets Common Stock Retained Earnings Total Liabilities and Shareholder’s Equity Income Statement Used to figure out how much money we are earning for: (a) (b) (c) (d) vendors, employees, etc - Cost of Goods Sold, Operating Expenses lenders, bondholders - Interest, government - Taxes, owners/stockholders - Dividends/Retained Earnings Sales revenues (-) Cost of Goods Sold cost to manufacture product (-) Operating Expenses general expenses (-) Depreciation expensing fixed assets EBIT earnings before int. and taxes (-) Interest EBT (-) Taxes Net Income to bondholders earnings before taxes rate set by government payout or retain (-) Dividends payout Additions to R/E retain Statement of Cash Flows Cash Flow from Operations: Net income (I/S) + depreciation (I/S) - increases in current assets (B/S) + increases in current liabilities (B/S) Cash Flow from Investments: - investments in PPE (B/S) + sale of assets (B/S) Cash Flow from Financing: + proceeds from issues of common stock or debt (B/S) - payment of dividends (I/S) - repurchase of common stock (B/S) - repayment of debt (B/S) Net increase/decrease in Cash Account Cash Flow Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA) Cash Flow available to bondholders, to pay government, and to fund asset purchase. Adds back in noncash items. Net Operating Working Capital = Operating Current Assets - Operating Current Liabilities Operating = those flows from normal operations Operating Current Assets = Cash, A/R, Inv Operating Current Liabilities = A/P, Accruals Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) = EBIT ( 1 - tax rate ) Free Cash Flow (FCF) = NOPAT - Net investment in operating capital Net investment in operating capital = - change in current assets (operating) + change in current liabilities (operating) - change in net capital assets Current asset increase represents an investment Current liability increase represents borrowing Net capital assets = Increase in PPE - Depreciation Market Value Added (MVA) Consistent with shareholder wealth maximization MVA = market value of common stock - initial value of equity capital example: Google, Inc. Google went public (IPO) on August 19, 2004 at $85 per share Google stock value on July 23, 2010 was $490.06 Shares Outstanding = 1.2B MVAGOOG = $588.07B - $102B = $486.07B Economic Value Added (EVA) EVA = NOPAT - (After-tax dollar cost of capital used to support operations) After-tax dollar cost of capital used to support operations = (net operating working capital + net plant and equipment) * WACC = (amount spent on B/S) * (cost of raising money) “EVA is net operating profit minus an appropriate charge for the opportunity cost of all capital invested in an enterprise” http://www.sternstewart.com/ “EVA is the actual return from the company’s assets in place less the cost of raising the money to purchase those assets. In other words, the actual net dollar return from the assets reported on the balance sheet” Zachary Sullivan Five major areas to analyze. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Liquidity Position Management of Assets Management of Debt Company's Profitability Market's View of Company (1) Liquidity Ratios - use to investigate the relationship between a firm's current (shortterm) assets and current (short-term) liabilities. (a) Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities higher the better (b) Quick Ratio = Current Assets - Inventory Current Liabilities higher the better (2) Asset Management Ratios - Use to evaluate how efficiently management employs assets. (a) Inventory Turnover = Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold Inventory Days Sales Outstanding = Accounts Receivable Credit Sales/day lower the better Net Sales Net Fixed Assets higher the better Net Sales Total Assets higher the better (b) (c) (d) Fixed Asset Turnover = Total Asset Turnover = Sales Inventory higher the better (3) Debt Management Ratios - use to evaluate riskiness of company (remember higher risk equates to higher required return) (a) Debt Ratio = Total Liabilities Total Assets lower = less risk (b) Times-Interest-Earned = (TIE) EBIT Interest higher the better (c) EBITDA Coverage = EBITDA + Lease Payments Interest + Principal + Lease Payments higher the better (4) Company's Profitability - Are the owner's earning an adequate return on their investment. (a) Profit Margin = Net Income Net Sales higher the better (b) Return on Assets = (ROA) Net Income Total Assets higher the better (c) Return on Equity = (ROE) Net Income Owner's Equity higher the better (5) Market Value Ratios - use to determine how market views company (a) PE Ratio = Price per share EPS higher the better (b) PEG Ratio = PE Ratio e(gEPS) expected to equal one (c) Market to Book = Ratio Price Book Value higher the better Du Pont Analysis The DuPont equation provides us a method to evaluate the components that make up ROE. ROE = Net Income Owner's Equity ROE = (ROA)*(Equity Multiplier) remember: ROA = Net Income Total Assets Equity Multiplier = Total Assets Common Equity shows the asset base supported by common equity; high equity multiplier shows a lot of risk or may be due to low market value relative to book value. ROE = (ROA) * (Equity Multiplier) ROE = Net Income Total Assets * Total Assets Common Equity ROA = (profit margin)*(total asset turnover) where: Profit Margin = Net Profit after taxes Net Sales Total Asset Turnover = Net Sales Total Assets Extended DuPont Equation may be most beneficial to use as analysis tool. ROE = PROFIT * MARGIN TOTAL ASSET * EQUITY MULTIPLIER TURNOVER ROE = Net Profit * Net Sales Net Sales Total Assets * Total Assets Common Equity ROE is separated into profitability of each $ of sales (profit margin), efficiency of asset management (total asset turnover), and company risk (equity multiplier). Can now get insight into whether company's return is due to high profitability, good management, or compensation for risk. Keys to using Ratio Analysis (1) (2) (3) Compare ratios to industry Look at trend of ratios over time Be aware of the limitations in using ratio analysis LIMITATIONS TO RATIO ANALYSIS (1) Difficult to fit conglomerate into specific industry - or company make-up may change over time. (2) Focus on some 'important' ratios may adversely effect overall firm performance. (3) Timing of cash flows affect balances in accounts. (4) Window Dressing Techniques - make ratios appear better than they are to improve appearance of the company (fool investors). (5) Different Accounting Methods (6) No absolutes - high/low does not always mean good/bad or bad/good. (7) Industry averages may be distorted if all company's in industry very good or very bad.