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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 3: Science of Psychology
Essential Task 3-3:
Trace the growth of psychology with specific
attention to structuralism and functionalism in
the early years.
Approaches
Growth
of Psych
to Psych
Careers
We are
here
The Science
of Psychology
Ethics
Research
Statistics
Methods
Sampling
Descriptive
Correlation
Naturalistic
Observation
Case
Study
Survey
Experiment
Descriptive
Central
Tendency
Variance
Inferential
Essential
Task
3-3:
Outline
• Early Psychology
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First Lab – Wundt
Structuralism – Titchner
Functionalism – William James
Psychoanalytic – Freud
Behaviorism – Pavlov, Watson and Skinner
Cognitive Revolution
Contemporary Trends in Psychology
Early Psychology - Wundt
• Wilhelm Wundt opened the first
psychology laboratory at the University
of Liepzig in 1879.
 By insisting on measurement and
experimentation he moves psychology
from a philosophy to a science
This is my lab!
Outline
Structuralism
 Bradford Titchner
 School of psychology
that stressed the basic
units of experience
(physical sensation,
feelings, and memories)
and the combinations in
which they occur.
 Study these ‘atoms of
experience’ to get the
structure of the mind
Break this down to its atoms of experience
How do you know what this is?
How is your mind structured in
order to perceive it?
So what is this?
And this? How’s structuralism
working for you now?
Functionalism
 William James
 Rejects Structuralism
 Influenced by Darwin
 Functionalism –theory of mental life and behavior
that is concerned with how an organism uses its
perceptual abilities to function in its environment.
 Functionalists wanted to the whole system of
mental processes rather than focusing on the tiny
elements elements of consciousness
 Functionalism also emphasized individual
differences, which had a profound impact on
education.
Structuralism vs. Functionalism
How would each study this situation?
Psychodynamic Psychology
• Sigmund Freud
• Behavior results from forces at
work within the individual, often
at an unconscious level. Often
formed during childhood.
• Late 1800s
• Since the person can’t access
their own unconscious, it is hard
to prove or disprove this theory
scientifically.
Psychodynamic = Unconscious
Behaviorism
• Studied only observable behaviors
• Studied how organisms learn behaviors.
• Classical Conditioning – learning that results
from things happening to you.
– Ivan Pavlov – Dogs
– John B. Watson – Baby Albert
• Operant Conditioning – learning that results
from getting rewards or punishments.
– B.F. Skinner – Skinner Box
Behaviorism
The Cognitive Revolution
• The precursors to cognitive
psychology:
– Gestalt psychology
• Study of how we perceive objects as whole patterns
• Therapy that wishes to treat the whole person
– Humanistic psychology
• Emphasizes realization of full potential
• Recognizes importance of love, self esteem,
belonging, and self-actualization
The Cognitive Revolution
• Study of mental processes
Thinking
Learning
Feeling
Remembering
Decision making
New Directions in Psychology
• Evolutionary psychology
– Studies the adaptive value of behaviors
and mental processes
• Positive psychology
– Study of the subjective feelings of
happiness and well-being
– Focus is on positive attitude