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FASCISM AND THE RISE OF HITLER NDP, World History, Mr. Shuler Focus Question: How did an extremist and megalomaniac like Adolf Hitler rise to power in an advanced, democratic society? Vocabulary: Great Depression, hyperinflation, fascism, Mussolini, Mein Kampf WE WON WW1!!! IT’S A PARTY!!! AT LEAST IN THE UNITED STATES Nicknamed the “Roaring 20’s” Image: “Flappers” (fueled by optimism and freedom, but also a “lost generation”) Riches and conveniences for all! Invest in the stock market for easy money and borrow until then! What could go wrong? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3svvCj 4yhYc OOPS! OCTOBER 29, 1929: BLACK TUESDAY THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1929-1941 Cascading effects… savings are wiped out, banks close, businesses can’t get loans, jobs are cut, consumer spending declines, more jobs are cut The Great Depression Spreads Globally including Germany & Japan • International financial markets • Aggravated by collapse of U.S. trade, refusal of Hoover to take action, & new protectionist tariffs • 25% unemployed in Britain and 40% unemployed in Germany Much of Europe was in bad shape before 1929, especially Germany… • Weimar Republic crippled by reparations & unpaid loans • Hyperinflation (1921-23): money becomes worthless almost overnight THE RISE OF EXTREMISM AND MUSSOLINI’S FASCISM • If democracy has failed, is Communism the only alternative? • Benito Mussolini in Italy invents “fascism” (from the old Roman fasces) that emphasizes nationalism and strength – “Strength” draws on Nietzsche's idea of a “will to power” in the face of a meaningless, amoral universe • Right-wing totalitarian dictatorship • Inspires others, including Franco in Spain (overthrowing a democraticsocialist republic in a bloody civil war) and Hitler in Germany A HERO EMERGES? WHO IS ADOLF HITLER? • Failed artist and World War I veteran • Arrested in 1923 for attempted coup; writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) with a plan to rebuild Germany, break the treaty of Versailles, “punish” Jews, and invade Eastern Europe • Blames Jews for Germany’s problems (anti-Semitism) • Freed and becomes leader the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (“Nazi”) due to his emotive speaking skills • Paramilitary brown-shirt stormtroopers (S.A.) use violence vs. other parties HITLER SEIZES POWER (1930-1934) • Be able to explain how Hitler could seize power in a democratic Germany (the Weimar Republic) • Role of Communism? • Burning of the Reichstag building actually probably done on Hitler’s orders “Hitler’s Rise to Power,” Simple History, by Chris Kane and Daniel Turner, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kybj Ug4kw_s HITLER’S VIOLATIONS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES • March 1935 – Germany begins to rebuild army and navy • March 1935 – Germany reoccupies the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland • March 1938 – Annexes (takes over) Germanspeaking Austria (Anschluss) • This leads to pride within Germany and increased tension outside… but Britain and France still want to avoid war and want to use Hitler to keep the USSR in check THE RESULT: TOTALITARISM TRIUMPHANT IN EUROPE Fascist: Hitler in Germany, inspired by Benito Mussolini of Italy Communist: Josef Stalin in the U.S.S.R., with his purges and Gulags—in service of the people against internal enemies Pink countries were conquered by Germany, 1938-40