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College of Science and Humanity Studies, Al-Kharj Level8 (2nd Semester) Course Title :Syntax& Morphology Prepared by Teacher: Bahia Khalifa Ibrahim Objectives: The difference between Syntax & Morphology Generative Grammar Syntactic Description The difference between Syntax and Morphology Morphology is the study of word structure. It concerns with the different morphemes that make up words as well as morphological processes for forming new words. Syntax The study of the rules and principles for constructing sentences. It is originally a Greek word which means ( a setting out together or arrangement). While morphology looks at how the smallest linguistic units ( morphemes) are formed into complete words, syntax looks at how these words are formed into complete sentences. Basic Elements of the Sentence Subject+ Predicate The subject of the sentence is person, thing, place or idea. Predicate: is the completer of a sentence. The subject names the (do-er) of the sentence; the predicate does the rest of the work. The glacier melted. The glacier has been melted. The glacier melted, broke apart and slipped into the sea. Syntactic Description Certain approaches are set out to account for the ‘arrangements’ of the sentence structures. Generative Grammar It is a result of the work of the American linguist Noam Chomasky, as he attempts to produce a grammar that has a very explicit system of rules specifying what combinations of basic elements in a well- formed sentences. He stases that language is a set of (finite or infinite) sentences. So generative grammar is used to describe this type of grammar. 1+1=2 2x+3y=? Endless sentences Properties of the Grammar This type of grammar has a number of properties: A- The grammar will generate all the wellformed syntactic structures( sentences) of the language and fail to generate any ill-formed syntactic structures. This is known as Productivity of language. The creation of totally novel, yet grammatical sentences. Recursiveness: The capability to be applied more than once in generating a structure. That chased the cat This is the dog that chased the cat, That killed the rat, …etc. endless recursion. Grammar must provide for this fact. Grammar should also be capable of revealing the basis of two other phenomena: 1- How some superficially distinct sentences are closely related? 2- How some superficially similar sentences are in fact distinct? Deep &Surface Structures Two levels of description: Surface & Deep Charlie broke the window.( active) The widow was broken by Charlie.( passive) (Closely related) Surface Structure: The syntactic form as an actual English sentence. Deep Structure: The underlying level where the basic components shared by the two sentences would be represented. (Noun phrase+verb+Noun phrase) So, it is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining Structural interpretations are represented. Grammar must be capable of showing how a single underlying representation can become different surface structures. Structural Ambiguity Two different underlying interpretations. It has three levels: Word(Lexical): Khalid likes Haya more than Adil. Phrase: the hatred of the killers. Structural: Annie whacked a man with an umbrella. Annie had an umbrella and she whacked a man with it. Annie whacked a man and the man happened to be carrying an umbrella. Structural ambiguity Examples Flying planes can be dangerous. Young boys and girls love the adventure playground. They can fish. . “to fly planes” as well as “planes, which fly”. Therefore, the lexeme flying can be interpreted as the gerund form of a verb in a verb phrase, or as an attribute of a noun phrase.This sentence is syntactically ambiguous, because the reference of young is unclear “the double classification” of fish (either intransitive verb or noun) as well as of can (either auxilliary or transitive verb). Syntax - Generative Grammar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jc2bL1z9Wh4