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Chem 101A Exam 4 Concepts Chapter 7 – Modern Atomic Theory Use formulas that relate energy of photon, frequency, wavelength, speed of light, and the Rydberg Equation Notable scientists and their contributions: Rutherford, Bohr, Planc, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Schrödinger. The four Quantum Numbers (n,l,ml,ms), when they are allowed, how they describe the electron state, and how they relate to: Energy levels, orbitals (number allowed, shapes, sizes), electrons and spin Pauli Exclusion Principle Electron configurations of a given atom 1s22s22p6…etc Short/abbreviated method, i.e. [noble gas]…the rest Orbital diagrams (and Hund’s Rule) Exceptions to predicted electron configs (Cu,Ag,Au) Valence electrons Periodic table and electron configs (e.g. alkaline earth metals last sublevel ns2 Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy, Atomic Radius, Electron Affinity, Electronegativity (Ch8) Chapter 8 – Chemical Bonding Covalent vs Ionic bond – energy model Ionic bond, coulomb’s law and lattice energy (they all relate) Ionic radius trends (atom vs ion, and compare isoelectronic series) Bond energies to calculate Hrxn (Ebonds broken – Ebonds formed) Lewis structures predict which atoms bond to which and nonbonding electrons (lone pair) 2 valence electrons max: H, He 8 valence electrons max: 2nd row elements <8 valence electrons exceptions: Be=4, B=6 (formal charge) >8 valence electrons: 3rd row elements and below Consider formal charges in evaluating structures When to draw resonance structures, and how many (resonance = average) VSEPR structures predict 3‐dimensional arrangement of electron pairs in space Know and be able to predict 3D structure, sketch, including bond angles structures with these common geometries: linear, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramid, bent, trigonal bipyramid, octahedral, and square planar. Predict molecular polarity (dipole moment). Recall, in symmetrical structures any dipoles cancel out (non‐polar or zero dipole moment), while in asymmetrical structures any dipoles will sum (non‐zero dipole moment). Born‐Haber cycle and calculations