Download Unit 2 - St. John Paul II Collegiate

Unit 2 – Cells and Systems Study Guide
Topic 4 - Fluid Movement in Cells
Cell Membrane: Is like a border crossing. The Membrane is selectively
permeable meaning that it lets some things across but not others.
Permeable: lets everything through
Impermeable: lets nothing through
Diffusion: the random movement of particles from a high concentration to a
low concentration.
Diffusion in cells: cells burn oxygen and make carbon dioxide so there is a
high concentration of CO2 inside a cell (wanting to diffuse out) and a low
concentration of oxygen (therefore oxygen wants to diffuse in). Diffusion in
many cases allows for a movement of particles through a membrane without
a cost of energy from the cell.
Osmosis: a type of diffusion involving water that moves through a
selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from a high concentration to
a low concentration.
Plant Structures
Root Hairs two functions:
- increase surface area
- anchor the plant
Stoma: (stomata) are openings in the bottom of leaves that let air in and out.
Controlled by the guard cells.
Transpiration: Loss of water from a plant through evaporation from the
leaves and stem.
*Know diagram Page 136 figure 2.19
Pushing and Pulling in the plant
All the water in a plant is connected from cell to cell, water taken in by roots
pushes water up (through osmosis) and water evaporating off of leaves pulls
water (also through osmosis).
Topic 5 - Cell Specialization and Organization
Cells need to be specialized to meet different needs just like band needs to
have different instruments to play a variety of songs. Cells in multi-cellular
organisms are said to be specialized for different jobs.
*Be able to identify the different types of cells Pg. 138, 139.
The disadvantage of being unicellular
-Unicellular organisms have to be able to move, eat, reproduce and respond
to environments. Because they depend on cell membranes they can only live
in watery, food rich environments.
Multi-cellular can live in a wide variety of environments; by specializing
they can be much more efficient.
Cells with the same structure and function
grouped into tissues.
Groups made of different tissues
form organs.
Organs working together
form systems.
All of these things working together form different levels of organization in
living things.
4 main types of tissues found in animals
Muscle tissue: move the parts of the body
Nerve tissue: carries signals between the brain and other body parts to coordinate activities.
Epithelial tissues: protects the outside of the body and covers the internal
structures, such as intestines
Connective tissue: connects and supports different parts of the body, Maybe
solid like bone or fluid like blood.
3 Main types of tissues found in plants
Epidermal tissue: (skin) protects the outside of the plant.
Xylem tissue: vessels transport water absorbed by the roots, throughout the
plant.
Phloem tissue: vessels transport the glucose to other parts of the cell.
Organs: distinct structures in your body that perform particular functions.
E.g. Brain, eyes, kidneys etc.
Systems: Organs form systems that help plants and animals function as a
whole.
E.g. Roots and shoot system in plants.
Topic 6 - Body Systems in Humans
Digestive System: used to take in food and break it down into usable energy
then, pass the waste out of the body.
Know Figure 2.26 on Pg. 146
Respiratory system: used to take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide in
the lungs.
Know figure 2.27 on Pg. 146
Circulatory System: transports food and oxygen to different parts of the
body and carries waste products out of the body
Know figures 2.28 from pg. 147
How Respiratory and Circulatory systems Connect
To put it simply, the respiratory system moves the air in and out of the lungs
and the circulatory system picks up oxygen from the lungs while dropping
off carbon dioxide. It then carries the oxygen to the parts of the body that
need it. The amazing part, most of this takes place using diffusion.
Know the diagrams of alveoli on figure 2.30A, and 2.30B
Your lungs from big to small:
Bronchus tube
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillaries
Digestive and Circulatory Systems
After food is broken down in the stomach it enters the small intestine.
The transfer of Food from the digestive to the circulatory system takes place
in the small intestine.
Villi: (Villus, plural) each villi contains a network of capillaries which
absorb the digested food into the blood stream, much the same way as the
alveoli. They are similar to root hairs in the plant because they increase the
surface area for absorption.
Know diagram of small intestine Figure 2.31
Kidneys: Part of the excretory system, filters out the blood.
Nervous System- monitors the body from the inside and outside sending
signals to the brain.
Topic 7 – Body Systems and Your Health
Blood- In multi-cellular organisms most cells are not in direct contact with
the external environment. Cells are therefore supplied by the circulatory
system.
Red Blood Cells: contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen.
Hemoglobin: iron rich chemical found in blood that attracts oxygen. This
helps the blood carry more oxygen than it otherwise would.
Plasma: liquid portion of the blood.
Blood Vessel: part of a complex network of tubes/passageways that serve to
bring things from the external environment to the internal environment.
If this system does not function properly the whole body is at risk.
Common Problems with Circulatory System
-Hypertension (high blood pressure)
-Strokes
-Heart attacks
Sphygmomanometer: a device used to measure blood pressure (blood
pressure cuff)
Blood Pressure- indicates several things about the health of circulatory
system
Volume of Blood- If a person has lost a lot of blood through injury, blood
pressure will be low
Heart Rate- a fast beating heart pushes blood rapidly through the arteries,
building up blood pressure.
Artery size- large open arteries conduct larger volumes of blood, producing
low blood pressure. Small narrow and slightly clogged arteries produce high
blood pressure.
Artery Elasticity: Loss of flexibility in arteries produces a higher blood
pressure.
Blood Viscosity (thickness of blood): a measure of the balance between red
blood cells and plasma.
Things that put you at a high risk to disorders
-Cigarette smoking
-Poor diet
-Lack of exercise
A Healthy Digestive System
Food provides
Nutrients in the form of
Carbohydrates, Fats,
proteins, vitamins, minerals and water that provide
Energy and
materials used for
Growth, Development, and Repair.
Carbohydrates: provide the body with its main source of energy.
Fats: are essential, provide energy and cushion our vital organs
Proteins: found in foods such as meat, fish, and eggs. Essential for growth
and repair of tissue.
Causes of Digestive System disorders
-Low fibre over a prolonged time (skipping meals or eating high sugars) can
be a cause of colon cancer
-Long term stress, smoking or excessive use of aspirin and alcohol can lead
to ulcers.
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Cilia: small hair-like projections that remove airborne particles in the lungs
Poison in cigarettes and pollution irritates the lining of the respiratory
system causing extra mucus to be produced, which is removed by coughing.
Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes, if prolonged over time can
cause emphysema.
Lung Cancer: caused by tar in smoke, which makes certain cells grow out of
control.
The bottom Line *live a healthy lifestyle*