Download CH 21 Notes Part 2

Notes CH 21 Part 2 pp. 464 – 470 “election”
Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg (happens at the same time US Grant takes
Vicksburg, Mississippi---the last obstacle for the Union completely taking and controlling the
Mississippi River and cutting the Confederacy in ½---these three days in 1863 are seen as equally
significant by some historians to Antietam in 1862**** this is the high mark of the Confederacy—the
days immediately before these two battles----and after is a slow complete destruction and
subjugation of the Confederacy---one that will take the South at least 50 years from which to
recover—economically and spiritually---some may consider that (we) the South is still recovering
from the MEMORY OF THESE EVENTS IN THE LAST YEAR AND ½ OF THE WAR.
MAC is removed from Command after the failure to follow Lee’s retreat from Antietam and engage
the enemy…HE IS DONE…militarily…he runs for President in 1864 against Lincoln  and loses 
Burnside (side-burns) takes command and promptly gets the Union Army slaughtered at
Fredericksburg, Virginia
Hooker (hooker’s were the nickname of the camp followers of his army) – takes over for Burnside and
promptly gets the Union defeated again at Chancellorsville… HOWEVER, The CSA loses Lee’s “right
arm” – Stonewall Jackson…who is shot by his own troops accidently at night…and soon after dies.
AT THIS POINT LEE AND THE CSA ATTEMPTS TO INVADE THE NORTH AGAIN…
- to aid Northern Peace agitators (if peace does occur the CSA survives with Slavery)
- To encourage Britain and or France to enter on their side
George Meade is now appointed head of the Union Army in the East….and is command at
GETTYSBURG. JULY 1 -3, 1863.
92,000 UNION MEN V. 76,000 CSA MEN….EASILY THE MOST FAMOUS BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR
AND ANOTHER TURNING POINT*********
ACTUALLY THEY FIGHT HERE ON ACCIDENT…THE CSA SOLDIERS WERE LOOKING FOR THE SHOE
FACTORY 
GENERAL JEB STUART, LEE’S CALVARY COMMANDER, AND HIS EYES, WAS NOT TO BE FOUND AND
THIS WAS CRUCIAL TO LEE’S INTELLIGENCE AS HE MOVED NORTH… AND HE WAS NOT AWARE OF
THE MASSIVE UNION ARMY FOLLOWING HIM…
This three-day battle was amazing to say the least…and the CSA’s HIGH MARK of
Success…however the defeat left LEE’s army in shambles…amazing to last another 18 months….
DAY 1
DAY 2
DAY 3*** PICKETTS CHARGE IN THE MIDDLE***
The key failure happens on day 3….when Lee ignores Gen. Longstreet’s advice to maneuver around the
entrenched Union and go for DC… instead, sick and tired, he decides on a FRONTAL ASSAULT ON THE
UNION’S ELEVATED AND ENTRENCHED CENTER LINE…A SUICIDE MISSION CALLED: PICKET’S
CHARGE******* 9000 MEN MARCH ON THIS POSITION AND GET SLAUGHTERED… (the Iredell Blues
were there and luckily most survive…not like the majority of CSA troops who are destroyed)
Jefferson Davis, simultaneously, sent a peace delegation to DC hoping that news of their victory
would meet the delegation in DC…it did not …and this peace mission fails.
Lincoln in the Fall of 1863 travels to Gettysburg to dedicate the Cemetery and this is when he delivers
the Greatest 272 words ever spoken in American History, The
Gettysburg
Address****huge****…immediately after these remarks were not noteworthy to some…
called “ludicrous, dishwatery, and even silly.” YET THE PRESIDENT WAS SPEAKING FOR THE AGES !!!!
**** READ THIS DOCUMENT ON THE WEBSITE****we will in class 
THE WAR IN THE WEST
UNION GENERAL U.S. GRANT****huge**** OWNS THE WEST WITH HIS
BUDDY GEN. WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN***Huge****.—The West is
dominated from the outset by the Union---not without contest and drama,
certainly---however, nothing like the EAST---there was no “Trial and
Error” here for the UNION Generals---they DOMINATE FROM THE
OUTSET---AND FLOW DOWN THE CUMBERLAND-TENNESSEE-OHIOMISSISSIPPI (AND UP) TO CRUSH THE SOUTH
-Grant was working in his father’s leather store when war begins, a veteran from the Mexican War he had
struggled in the peacetime army and resigned after coming home.
The Civil War gives Grant a purpose… and propels him meteorically
eventually to the Presidency [1869- 1877—where he is in “command” of
Military Reconstruction******}
Grant begins to earn his reputation in Feb. of 1862, at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson at the junction of
the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers….he crushes the rebels here and demands an Unconditional
Surrender from their commanders… and thereafter is known as U. S. Grant (unconditional surrender
Grant)
These twin victories were crucial in keeping Kentucky tied to the Union…and opened up the
gateway rivers to Tennessee and Georgia, the heart of Dixie*****
April 6-7, 1862--Shiloh/Pittsburgh Landing is Grant’s next battle [this is seen by many as the
turning point battle in the West***Confederate General Albert Sydney Johnston dies at the end of
the 1st days fighting---and has Grant pinned against the River—MANY BELIEVE THAT THIS IS A
MAJOR POINT OF “CONTINGENCY” “WHAT IF” JOHNSTON DOES NOT DIE ---AND FINISHES
DEFEATING GRANT HERE---BUT BEAUREGARD TAKES OVER that 1st afternoon AND HESITATES to
press the advantage and crush the Union army into the river---AND THIS ALLOWS GRANT AND
SHERMAN TO REGROUP AND ROUT THE CONFEDERATES the next day WITH REINFORCEMENTS
THAT HAVE COME DOWN THE RIVER FROM THE NORTH****SOME HISTORIANS CLAIM THAT THIS
IS THE TURNING POINT****…. Pittsburgh Landing…called by the South… A Union Victory BUT a
slaughterhouse—On the 1st day Grant and Sherman are caught by a surprise attack led by
Johnston and Beauregard…”Grant the Butcher” he is almost removed from command
due to the slaughter and jealous commanders who accuse him of
drunkenness…
Lincoln’s Famous reply to those jealous commanders, “Find me the brand, and I’ll send a barrel to
each of my other Generals…I can’t spare this man; he fights.”
Grant now in coordination with the Navy attempts to clear the Mississippi
River…Cut the Confederacy in ½--FULFILLING ONE OF THE MAIN GOALS OF THE “ANACONDA
PLAN” and open the river back to UNION COMMERCE ALL THE WAY TO NEW ORLEANS (TAKEN BY
ADMIRAL FARRAGUT IN 1862). …Which would tie those unruly Butternut regions back closer to the
Union…. But Port Hudson, Vicksburg, and Island No. 10 HAD TO BE TAKEN…. Success here would open a
back door to the Confederacy and cut off needed provisions (food-Cattle) from Texas and Western
Louisiana. Vicksburg was the key….
Grant AND Sherman’s-- best-fought operation of the War…The Vicksburg
Campaign [MARCH TO JULY 1863] was brilliant… Grant had to cross the Mississippi bring Gunboats
down the river past Vicksburg and invade the area from the Southeast…completely fooling the
Confederate Army into believing he was headed for Jackson, the State Capital…instead he went back to
the North and West and attacked a smaller force due their reinforcements going to Jackson…. And finally
after a hellish siege took Vicksburg by river and the heights on July 4, 1863…..Five days
later, BY JULY 9TH-- Port Hudson fell and Island no. 10 the last bastions of Confederate Power on the
Mississippi River were defeated and now the Mighty River was completely in Union
Hands and the CSA was Cut in Two. The Spinal Cord of the Confederacy
was severed.*****
The twin Victories of Gettysburg, July 1 -3 and Vicksburg
(by) July 4, 1863 Doomed the CSA from this point forward…
but remember contingency….who knows what could happen next…BUT it was not good for the CSA…. THE
POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE “TWIN” VICTORIES WAS ENORMOUS…MONUMENTAL…1Reopening the Miss. River helped to slow down the Northern Peace Movement [which would have
allowed the CSA to be Independent and survive] 2- the opening of the river settled down the
Butternut Region of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana due to the improvement of their economy 3- it cut off
the trade of the CSA and added a further burden to the South….4- the hope of Foreign intervention
was gone for good- GB stopped the delivery of the Laird Rams for example…and France killed a
deal for 6 naval vessels to the CSA…hope for foreign intervention was lost.
****Sherman Scorches Georgia, South Carolina, and finishes in North
Carolina—Southern Memory of this “campaign of TOTAL WAR and
destruction”---STILL causes problems****
Grant is now transferred to East Tennessee so he and Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman can clean this
area up –full of Union Supporters and a vicious battleground…Chickamauga –Chattanooga – Missionary
Ridge – battle above the clouds (Lookout Mountain) …eventually Chattanooga is won and this opens
the door to ATLANTA, THE JEWEL OF THE SOUTH…AND GEORGIA.
*******AT THIS POINT US GRANT CONTINUES HIS METEORIC RISE AND IS NAMED
GENERAL IN CHIEF OF THE ENTIRE US ARMY*********, AND SPECIFICALLY IN
COMMAND OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, AND MOVED TO THE EAST TO FINALLY
DEFEAT ROBERT E. LEE AND HIS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA—Here Grant
becomes the Savior of the Union***by continuously engaging Lee and grinding the
Confederate Army into surrender at Appomattox Court House****in 1865---but it is a
bloody mess for sure.*******
Gen. Grant then asks his good friend Sherman, Red haired Red bearded (and brilliant and really really
good looking obviously  ) to take Atlanta and Georgia and Savannah and Columbia and
Raleigh…which takes he and his soldiers a while….but they do it well. [THE key to Lincoln winning the
Presidential Election in 1864 due to the Eastern Front slowing down dramatically (The capture of
Mobile and Atlanta/Savannah)- Grant will change that ]
Sherman begins his March, TOTAL WAR*****, by Taking Atlanta in September of 1864 and burning it
to the ground in November…(this victory along with Farragut taking Mobile
propels Lincoln to Victory in the Election*******, surprisingly most up until
September thought he would lose…hmmm I guess they were wrong]*****
After Atlanta…Sherman (151st anniversary of this MARCH TO THE SEA AND EVENTUALLY RALEIGH
AND CSA SURRENDER) TAKES HIS ARMY AND CUT A 60 MILE WIDE SWATH TO SAVANNNAH…AND
TAKES IT BY CHRISTMAS 1864…They burned buildings, tore up railroad tracks – twisting them into
“iron doughnuts-Sherman hairpins,” bayoneted family portraits and ran off with valuable
souvenirs…”WAR IS …ALL HELL.” Sherman is famously quoted to have said…similar to Lee’s
quote…’it is well that war is so terrible, that we might grow fond of it.” SHERMAN IS ALSO QUOTED
AS SAYING HE WAS PREPARED TO MAKE GEORGIA HOWL….TOTAL
WAR….on everything and
everybody…to destroy the enemies will to fight…HIS PURPOSES: to destroy supplies destined
for the CSA Army and to WEAKEN THE MORALE OF THE MEN that were not home but fighting
elsewhere…by WAGING WAR ON THEIR HOMES.
Sherman was a pioneer of “TOTAL WAR,” “SHERMANIZING,” THE SOUTH… although his methods
were brutal…he probably shortened the struggle and hence saved lives….(text)…BUT HIS LEGACY,
“SHERMAN THE BRUTE…still lives today and he is universally damned in the South for he and his
troops legendary brutality.
From Christmas in Savannah…(where he is reported to have issued his famous Gen. Order
#10****HUGE****after meeting with leading African-Americans from the South—****A
PROPOSAL TO TAKE ALL OF THE LARGE PLANTATIONS –BREAK THEM UP INTO 40 ACRE TRACTS
OF LAND AND DISTRIBUTE THEM TO ALL OF THE SLAVES ---GIVING EACH FAMILY A MULE AS
WELL---“40 ACRES AND MULE”)
Sherman LEAVES SAVANNAH for the “HELL-HOLE OF SECESSION,”
COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA…and when he arrives he/or the City Fathers of Columbia—no
one knows for sure--- burns it to the ground --- and destruction throughout SC was EVEN MORE
DESTRUCTIVE AND VICIOUS…DUE TO HIS SOLDIERS BELIEF THAT THEY CAUSED THIS WAR.
After SC--- Sherman marches into North Carolina and just south of
Raleigh in Bentonville…he takes the surrender of the last large
Confederate Army left in the Civil War-- just after Lee surrenders at
Appomattox…and after Lincoln’s assassination and Davis fleeing a
burning Richmond…later to be captured outside Atlanta (after hiding
billions in Gold somewhere between Danville, VA and Atlanta-some say in
NC somewhere  )
The Politics of War
Interesting note here…some historians claim that Congress offers Lincoln a chance to suspend the
Election of 1864 until after the conclusion of the war…he does not take this offer…I wonder why?
The Republicans had broken into factions during this war… and criticized Lincoln no matter his
choices and actions….and one of his own cabinet, Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase…attempted
to have him removed from the Republican Party ticket for President…he fails…and resigns….later Lincoln
showing no hard feelings appoints him to the Supreme Court…THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS,
of whom Chase is a member, WERE IMMEDIATE ABOLITIONISTS, AND CONTINUOUSLY STRUGGLED
WITH THE TARDY LINCOLN ON MANY POLICIES…ESPECIALLY THE “COMMITTEEE ON THE
CONDUCT OF THE WAR, that is formed in late 1861…
MOST DANGEROUS TO THE UNION CAUSE**** WERE THE NORTHERN DEMOCRATS-called
COPPERHEADS*******…tainted with the association with the Southern Democrats, NORTHERN PEACE
MOVEMENT, and secession (cause of the war, obviously) THEY DIVIDE INTO TWO CAMPS AS WELL…
the War Democrats, who patriotically supported the Lincoln Administration AND THE
PEACE DEMOCRATS (Little Mac and others) who did not support Lincoln.
The MOST EXTREME DEMOCRATS WHO OPPOSED LINCOLN WERE CALLED COPPERHEADS,
northerners who opposed Lincoln-emancipation- Draft - war- etc…and gave support to the
South.*****The called Lincoln…the “Illinois Ape,” and commanded great political strength in the
Butternut Region, southern Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. Clement L. Vallandigham was the most
famous… he is continuously and conspicuously supported the South had a talent for stirring up
trouble..so much so that he is BANISHED FROM THE NORTH …and eventually runs for the Governorship
of Ohio from Canada, he loses…His case is made famous by Edward Everett Hale’s book “the man without
a country,” ….his fictional character, Phillip Nolan is condemned to a life of eternal exile on American
Warships for the rest of his life…
****Lincoln wins the Election of 1864 primarily with help from Union soldiers
coming home from the War to Vote… or Voting on the Front Lines…