Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Sociocultural evolution wikipedia , lookup
Postdevelopment theory wikipedia , lookup
The Dispossessed wikipedia , lookup
Development theory wikipedia , lookup
Marx's theory of alienation wikipedia , lookup
Collectivist anarchism wikipedia , lookup
Discovery of human antiquity wikipedia , lookup
History of the social sciences wikipedia , lookup
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals wikipedia , lookup
Origins of society wikipedia , lookup
Ms. Cannistraci Name:__________________________________ Date:________________ Base your answers to the questions on the woodblock print below and on your knowledge of social studies. Ladies with western musical instruments 1._____ 2._____ 3._____ 4._____ 5._____ Base your answers to question 1 and 2 on the print below and your knowledge of Global Studies: 1.This late 19th-century Japanese print illustrates (1) isolationism (3) cultural diffusion (2) ethnocentrism (4) democracy 2 During which period of Japanese history was this print most likely created? (1) Tokugawa Shogunate (2) Meiji Restoration (3) Russo-Japanese War (4) post–World War II occupation 3.Japan’s increased foreign trade during the Meiji Restoration was closely related to its 4.The Meiji Restoration in Japan was prompted in part by (1) need to maintain a traditional society (1) a fear that Japan would be colonized by western nations (2) desire for a modern industrialized society (3) colonization by Western nations (4) encouragement of foreign investment (2) the failure of Japanese expansion (3) the Shogun’s conversion to Christianity (4) a desire to stay isolated Ms. Cannistraci Name:_______________________________ Date:______ Charles Darwin, On Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882), an English biologist was one of a number of scientists considering theories of evolution. He published On the Origin of Species, in 1859 and set forth his theory that animals evolved through variation and natural selection of those most fit to survive in particular environments. Darwin's exposure to specimens all over the globe raised important questions. Other naturalists believed that all species either came into being at the start of the world, or were created over the course of natural history. In either case, the species were believed to remain much the same throughout time. Darwin, however, noticed similarities among species all over the globe, along with variations based on specific locations, leading him to believe that they had gradually evolved from common ancestors. He came to believe that species survived through a process called "natural selection," where species that successfully adapted to meet the changing requirements of their natural habitat thrived, while those that failed to evolve and reproduce died off. In 1858, after years of further scientific investigation, Darwin publically introduced his revolutionary theory of evolution in a letter read at a meeting of the Linnean Society. On November 24, 1859, he published a detailed explanation of his theory in his best-known work, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. State two theories of Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection. 1st 2nd Ms. Cannistraci Name:_______________________________ Date:______ Charles Darwin, On Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882), an English biologist was one of a number of scientists considering theories of evolution. He published On the Origin of Species, in 1859 and set forth his theory that animals evolved through variation and natural selection of those most fit to survive in particular environments. Darwin's exposure to specimens all over the globe raised important questions. Other naturalists believed that all species either came into being at the start of the world, or were created over the course of natural history. In either case, the species were believed to remain much the same throughout time. Darwin, however, noticed similarities among species all over the globe, along with variations based on specific locations, leading him to believe that they had gradually evolved from common ancestors. He came to believe that species survived through a process called "natural selection," where species that successfully adapted to meet the changing requirements of their natural habitat thrived, while those that failed to evolve and reproduce died off. In 1858, after years of further scientific investigation, Darwin publically introduced his revolutionary theory of evolution in a letter read at a meeting of the Linnean Society. On November 24, 1859, he published a detailed explanation of his theory in his best-known work, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. State two theories of Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection. 1st 2nd CRITICISM AND RESPONSE TO CHARLES DARWIN’S THEORIES POSTED ON SMART BOARD Modern History Sourcebook: Samuel Wilberforce: On Darwin's Origin of Species, 1860 He who is as sure as he is of his own existence that the God of truth is at once the God of nature and the God of revelation, cannot believe it to be possible that His voice in either, rightly understood, can differ, or deceive His creatures. To oppose facts in the natural world because they seem to oppose revelation, or to humor them so as to compel them to speak its voice, is, he knows, but another form of the ever-ready feeble-minded dishonesty of lying for God, and trying by fraud or falsehood to do the work of the God of truth. What is Samuel Wilberforce’s view of Charles Darwin’s book On the Origin of the Species? Cite textual evidence to support your claim. Ms. Cannistraci Name:______________________________ Date:_____ Modern History Sourcebook: Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism, 1857 [adapted] Herbert Spencer (18201903) was thinking about ideas of evolution and progress before Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species (1859). Nonetheless, his ideas received a major boost from Darwin's theories and the general application of ideas such as "adaptation" and "survival of the fittest" to social thought is known as "Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism is an application of the theory of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues. In its simplest form, Social Darwinism follows the mantra of "the strong survive," including human issues. [This form of justification was enthusiastically adopted by many businessmen as scientific proof of their superiority. Spencer also applied Darwinian Theory to human development, arguing that wealth and power were signs of fitness and that mankind benefited from intense competition and removal of the weak and unfit. According to Social Darwinism, those with strength (economic, physical, technological) flourish and those without are destined for extinction. It is important to note that Darwin did not extend his theories to a social or economic level, nor are any credible evolutionists subscribing to the theories of Social Darwinism. Herbert Spencer's philosophy is only loosely based on the premises of Darwin's work.] How does Herbert Spencer’s theory “Social Darwinism” justify the abuses and hardship of the Industrial Revolution? Thomas Malthus’s Essay on Population Thomas Malthus believed that natural rates of human reproduction, when unchecked, would lead to geometric increases in population: population would grow in a ratio of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on. However, he believed that food production increased only in arithmetic progression: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. It seemed obvious to him that something had to keep the population in check to prevent wholesale starvation. He said that there were two general kinds of checks that limited population growth: preventative checks and positive checks. Preventative checks reduced the birth rate; positive checks increased the death rate. Moral restraint, vice and birth control were the primary preventative checks. Moral restraint was the means by which the higher ranks of humans limited their family size in order not to dissipate their wealth among larger numbers of heirs. For the lower ranks of humans, vice and birth control were the means by which their numbers could be limited - but Malthus believed that these were insufficient to limit the vast numbers of the poor. The positive checks were famine, misery, plague and war; because preventative checks had not limited the numbers of the poor, Malthus thought that positive checks were essential to do that job. State two ways that Thomas Malthus believed the increases in population can be prevented. 1st 2nd Ms. Cannistraci Name:______________________________ Date:_____ Robert Owen, Utopian Socialism: social and economic system based on the premise that if ownership of the means of production unemployment and poverty would be abolished] Robert Owen established a utopian society at New Lanark in England At New Lanark, there were neat rows of workers’ houses with two rooms in every house; there were streets with the garbage neatly piled up awaiting disposal instead of strewn about. And in the factories, a still more unusual sight greeted the visitors’ eyes. Over each employee hung a little wooden sign with a different color painted on each side. Each color represented a different rating for behavior and effort, most showed white (excellent) or yellow (good).For another surprise, there were no children in the factories; at least none were under the age of ten or eleven. Those youngsters who did work only labored for a short ten and three quarter hour day. Furthermore, they were never punished; no one in fact was punished; discipline seemed to be handled by gentleness rather than fear. The door of the factory manager stood open and anyone could (and did) present his objections to any regulation. Everyone could inspect the book which contained the detailed support of his work, which was the basis for the colored sign, and could appeal an unfair report. It was a wonderful sight. For the business-minded, less likely to be moved by the sight of happy children, there was the undeniable fact that New Lanark was marvelously profitable. But Owen did not rest there. He had bigger ideas for the betterment of humanity, which he presented to a special committee of Parliament. Owen suggesting forming Villages of Cooperation in which between 800 and 1,200 people would work together to support themselves. The families were to live in grouped houses, which each family to live in a private apartment but with shared playrooms, reading rooms and kitchens. Children over the age of three were to live separately so that they could receive a proper education. Around the schools were gardens to be taken care of by the slightly older children. These would stretch out into the fields for crops. In the distance, away from the living areas, would be the factory built. Will Robert Owen’s Utopian Socialist Society and New Lanark improve the lives of the working class during the Industrial revolution in England? Cite evidence from the text to support your claim. Continue on back. Ms. Cannistraci Name:______________________________ Date:_____ The Communist Manifesto is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Assume you are a worker in the nineteenth century. Argue whether or not you would agree with the ideas of Karl Marx [The father of Communism] The history of…society is the history of class struggles. Throughout history, there have been conflict between the haves and the have nots, between those who hold economic power and those whose labor is exploited. In ancient times, this conflict was between freeman and slave, between aristocrat and commoner. In the Middle Ages, it was between the lord and serf…Here in the industrial Age, there is a constant class warfare between the proletariat [worker] and the bourgeoisie [factory owner/employer]… ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________ At one time, capitalism was beneficial to society. It enabled people to produce goods on a large scale. The machines and technical skills introduced by capitalism created unlimited opportunities for people to improve themselves. But now capitalism has outlived its usefulness…The workers…are forced to work long hours under miserable conditions. They receive little [money] in return for their labor [work]. Although the workers produce the goods, the profits go to the capitalists. Capitalism has brought great wealth to the bourgeoisie [factory owner/employer] and grinding poverty to the worker. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________ What is the solution? Communist theory is summed up in a single sentence: Abolish private property (property owned by individuals, and not the state [country]). Bring all the means of production [land, factory, machine, resources] into the hands of the state [country]; that is, the workers organized as the ruling class. When this happens, the class struggle will be over. In place of the capitalist society with its opposing classes, we will have a classless society, [a society without different social classes], in which everyone will be equal. ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________ The immediate aim of the communists is…to organize the proletariat [the workers]. Aroused and united by the communist…the workers will rise up and overthrow their capitalist oppressors…They will take over the means of production and seize political power. Let the ruling class tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries unite! Adapted from: Bertram L. Linder, et al, A World history (Chicago, Ill: Science Research Associates, 1979), p. 459 Ms. Cannistraci Name:______________________________ Date:_____ What was Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels point of view [purpose] in the Communist Manifesto? Cite evidence to support your claim. Section for further notes during class discussions other teams share out their research. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION AFTER OUR DISCUSSION! Will Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels communist ideology improve the lives of the working class during the Industrial Revolution in England? Cite evidence from the text to support your claim. POSTED ON SMART BOARD Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848 II. Proletarians and Communists . . .The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all the other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat. . . . The distinguishing feature of Communism is not the abolition of property generally, but the abolition of bourgeois property. But modern bourgeois private property is the final and most complete expression of the system of producing and appropriating products that is based on class antagonisms, on the exploitation of the many by the few. . . . Source: Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, International Publishers According to Marx and Engels, what are two ideas that characterize Marxist communism? Exit Ticket Ms. Cannistraci Name:______________________________ Date:_____ SELECTED QUOTES BY KARL MARX IN THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO Choose one quote by Karl Marx in the Communist Manifesto and explain his point of view or purpose: 1. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, that each time ended, either in the revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.” 2. “Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. 3. Workingmen of all countries unite!”