Download The Internet and Multimedia

The Internet and Multimedia
Chapter 2
How the Internet Developed
• The Internet grew out of the Cold Ware
between the United States and the Soviet
Union following WWII
• The US and the Soviet Union competed to
develop the most powerful nuclear weapons
and other technologies
How the Internet Developed
• When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the
first space satellite in 1958, the US Defense
Department responded by creating the
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
• A few years later ARPA was to research how
best to use the US military’s investment in
computers
How the Internet Developed
• During this same time the RAND Corporation
was thinking about how US government and
military leaders could communicate in case of
nuclear war
• In 1964 RAND proposed a computing network
that was decentralized (did not depend on any
one computer)…
– Network – a way that computers can
communicate with each other electronically either
through cables or wireless connections
How the Internet Developed
• ARPANET began operating in 1969 with a
handful of computers in widely separated
locations
• ARPANET went international in 1973 with
computers at University College in London and
the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway
• ARPANET quickly became a sort of electronic
post office as well as a passageway for
essential defense information
How the Internet Developed
• ARPANET spread rapidly throughout the 1970s
• ARPANET could accommodate many different
kinds of computers as long as they followed the
same protocol, or rules, of communication
• The original set of rules was called NCP (Network
Control Protocol) but later became known as
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol), which was in the public
domain…anyone could legally use it
How the Internet Developed
• In the late 1970s many other organizations
began to link to ARPANET and the Defense
department separated the military segment
• As more and more organizations acquired
computers and began using TCP/IP, the
interlinking of these computers and networks
became known as the Internet
How the Internet Developed
• Three inventions that spread the use of the
Internet were:
1. The personal computer (early 1980s)
2. The World Wide Web (1989) – developed by Tim
Berners-Lee, a British software engineer
•
Used the concept of Hypertext which is text that is linked
to another location either on the same page or a different
page
3. The browser (1991) – software application that
allows you to locate and display information on the
Web
•
Mosaic – first graphical point and click Web browser
developed in 1993 by the National Center for
Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
How the Internet Developed
• What is the difference between the Internet and
the World Wide Web?
– The Internet is a huge network that can connect
computers all over the world while the Web is a way a
sharing information through the medium of the
Internet
– The WWW always uses the Internet but the Internet
doesn’t have to be connected to the WWW
• Web site – a unified set of documents and related files that
are stored on a single computer and are available for display
on the World Wide Web
• Web pages make up a web site
Connecting to the Internet
• In order to connect to the Internet you must
have:
– A modem: allows your computer to send and
receive signals though telephone or cable lines
– An Internet service provider (ISP): required for all
home connections
– Browser software: might need plug-in programs to
retrieve some types of media applications
• Internet Explorer, FireFox, and Google Chrome
Connecting to the Internet
• A plug-in is a hardware or software
application that adds a specific feature to your
computer
– Acrobat Reader, Flash Player, Quicktime
• Some plug-ins allow browsers to stream
media which is a technique for transmitting
audio and video files so they can start playing
immediately without having to wait for the
entire file to load first
Navigating the Web
• In order to work with multimedia on the
Internet, you must understand:
– The browser screen and its standard elements
– URL addresses and the information they contain
Navigating the Web
Navigation buttons
Menu bar
Web address or URL
Standard Browser
Elements
Sidebar
Main display area
Hyperlinks
Navigating the Web
• URL – uniform resource locator; address that
identifies the computer and file location of a
web page so a browser can find and retrieve it
• Domain name – part of the address name of a
web site that can identify the organization or
type of organization hosting the site
Navigating the Web
• Domain Name Extensions
Extension
Type of Organization
.gov
Government
.edu
Educational institution
.mil
Military
.info
Information
.org
Nonprofit
.net
Network
.com or .biz
Commercial Business
.pro
Professional (such as a law firm)
Searching the Web
• If you already know the URL, type it in the
browser’s Web address area
• If you have visited the site before the URL is
probably saved and will appear as you are
typing it
Searching the Web
• If you don’t know the URL, use a search
engine which is a web site with database
software that locates documents on the Web
by searching for specific words
– Create search queries that include keywords
• Search query – a list of keywords and other information
that a search engine uses to locate Web pages
• Keyword – a word that is likely to appear in the
document you want to find
Searching the Web
• Most search engines work the same way but
some are more powerful than others…depending
on their indexes or easier to create queries
• Most search engines results are ranked with the
pages most likely to contain the information you
want
• Most companies develop and maintain their
search engines by posting advertisements on
their sites
Searching the Web
• If your query is to general you may find
millions of pages or hits and may have little or
no relation to the information you want
– The more precise you are, the more likely it is to
get a short list of pages containing helpful
information
Searching the Web
• Boolean searches use formulas with
operators (and, or, not, near) that tell the
search engine how to use your keywords
– Symbols (quotation marks, parentheses, and
asterisk) can also be used in your search
Communicating Via the Internet
• There are several ways to communicate on the Internet:
– E-mail: Sent to a specific e-mail address. Can have attachments
(text, pictures, and/or videos)
– File transfer protocol (FTP): Often used to transfer large files
from one computer to another.
– Chat rooms: “Virtual” rooms where you can exchange typed
messages with others who are in the room.
– Instant messaging: Allows you to communicate in real time
with one person.
– Social networking: basically it's a profile page of yourself and
about you, and then you connect to the profile sites of others
– Blogs: short for web log; basically an online dairy; may also be
called a journal