Download Pearson8Ch7-IntroductiontoMatter

Name: _________________________________
Science per: _______
Date: _____________
Ch 7: Introduction to Matter
Getting Started:
Temperature: ____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Energy: ________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Lesson 1: Describing Matter
What Is Matter Made Of?
Matter: _________________________________________________________________.
Chemistry: ______________________________________________________________.
Complete the Figure 1 exercise “Properties of Matter” on page 259.
Substances: _____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
It is ______________________________________.
Elements: All matter in the universe is made up of more than ______ different substances
called __________________. An element is ___________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
Elements are the __________________ substances. Each element can be identified by its
_______________________________________________________________________.
Elements are represented by ________________________________________. Examples
are C for _______________, O for _______________ and Ca for __________________.
Complete the “apply it!” exercise on page 260.
 Atoms: The particle theory of matter says that ____________________________
______________. An atom is the basic particle from which all elements are made.
An atom has a _________________________ center, or __________________,
1
containing protons and neutrons. The nucleus is surrounded by a “cloud” of
_____________________________ electrons. Different elements have different
properties because their ____________________________________.
 Molecules: Atoms of most elements are able to combine with other atoms. A
chemical bond is ___________________________________________________.
A molecule is _______________________________________________________
__________________________________.
Complete the “Compare and Contrast” exercise on page 261.
Complete the Figure 2 exercise “Atoms and Molecules” on page 261.
Compounds: A compound _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
A compound is represented by a _______________________________ which shows the
___________________ in the compound and the __________________________. In one
molecule of CO2 there is ______ atom of carbon and ________ atoms of oxygen. When
elements chemically combine, they form compunds with properties _________________
from those of the elements.
Complete the Figure 3 exercise “Compounds from Elements” on page 262.
Mixtures: A mixture is made of ______________________________________________
_____________________________________ but their atoms are __________________
_____________. Each substance in a mixture __________________________________.
Parts of a mixture are ________ combined in a set ratio.
 Heterogenous Mixtures: the parts of a heterogenous mixture can be ____________.
 Homogenous Mixtures: the parts of a heterogenous mixture are ___________
mixed and _____________ to separate. A _________________ is an example of a
heterogenous mixture.
Complete the Figure 4 exercise “Fruit Mixtures” exercise on pages 262-263.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 263.
Complete the “Review and Assessment” Questions #1-4 on page 283.
2
Lesson 2: States of Matter
How do you describe a solid?
A solid has a definite ____________ and a definite ______________. It ___________
the shape and volume in any container.
Particles in a solid: the particles that make up a solid are _________________________
________________ in a ______________________. This closely packed arrangement of
particles causes the solid to have a __________________________________________.
The particles move slightly by ______________________________.
Complete the Figure 1 Exercise “Solid” including the blue table on page 265.
Types of Solids
 _______________________________ are made of crystals. A crystal is a ______
_________________________________________________________________.
Examples include ____________________________________. Crystalline solids
_______________________________________________.
 _______________________________ have particles that are not arranged in a
regular repeating pattern. Instead of melting at a distinct temperature, an
amorphous solid may become _______________ or ________________________
__________ when heated. Examples include ______________________________.
Complete the Figure 2 “Types of Solids” exercise on page 266.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 266.
How do you Describe a Liquid?
A liquid has a definite _______________ but no ___________ of its own. The shape of a
liquid _________________________________, but its volume ____________________.
Particles of a liquid: The particles of a liquid are packed together _________ closely than
those in a solid. The particles in a liquid can ____________________ each other but still
______________. A liquid is sometimes called a ______________.
Complete the Figure 3 “Liquid” exercise including the blue table on page 267.
3
Properties of liquids: Surface tension is _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
Viscosity is _____________________________________________________________.
Liquids with ______________________ flow slowly (honey). Liquids with __________
_______________ flow quickly (water and vinegar).
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 268.
How do you Describe a Gas?
As gas particles move in _____________________, they ___________________, filling
__________________ available. A gas has _______________ shape and _____________
volume.
Complete the Figure 5 “Gas” exercise including the blue table on page 269.
Volume: Volume is _______________________________________________________.
Because gas particles move and fill all of the space available, the volume of a gas is ___
_______________________________________________________________________.
Pressure: Gas particles constantly collide with one another and push on the walls of their
container. The pressure of the gas is __________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
Pressure (Pa) = Force (N) / Area (m2)
Complete the “do the math!”exercise “calculating pressure” on page 270.
Complete the Figure 6 exercise “Gas Pressure” on page 270.
Temperature: All particles of matter are constantly ________________. The __________
____________________________ of the particles in a substance determines the object’s
___________________, which is a measure of how hot or cold something is. The greater
the particles’ _____________, the _______________ the particles are moving and the
________________ the temperature. Because the particles in a hot air balloon are heated,
they have more energy and are able to move around more and spread out. This spreading
out causes them to take up more space and be less dense. The lower density causes the
hot air balloon to rise.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 271.
Complete the “Review and Assessment” questions #5-9 on page 283.
4
Lesson 3: Changes of State
Complete the “My Planet Diary” on page 272.
What happens when heat is transferred to a substance?
Thermal Energy: All matter is made up of tiny particles that are always ______________,
so these particles have _____________________. The ___________ kinetic energy the
particles have, the ________________ the object feels. Thermal energy is ___________
_______________________________________________________________________.
A cup of water has ___________ thermal energy than a lake at the same temperature
because there are ________________ water particles in the cup than in the lake.
Complete the Figure 1 exercise “Thermal Energy” on page 273.
Heat: Heat is the _________________________________________________________
____________________________________. When heat is transferred to a substance, the
substance undergoes an _________________________________, a _________________
____________ , or ____________.
Physical Changes: A physical property is a characteristic of a substance than can be
observed ______________________________________________________________,
without changing the substance itself. An increase in temperature or a change of state is
an example of a __________________________; it is the ________________________
even if it is at a different temperature.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 274.
What happens to a solid as it melts?
Particles of a liquid have _________ thermal energy than particles of the same substance
in solid form. As a _________, the particles have even more thermal energy. A change
from solid to liquid to gas involves an _______________ in thermal energy. A change
from gas to liquid to solid involves a _________________ in thermal energy.
Melting: The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called _________________. The
temperature a substance melts at is called the ________________________. The melting
point can sometimes be used to help _________________ a substance. In order to melt a
substance, you must add thermal energy. This increase in energy causes the molecules in
5
the substance to vibrate _________________, ________________ the temperature. At
the substance’s _____________________________, the particles vibrate so fast that they
_________________________________________________________. The temperature
______________________________; any added energy continues to melt the substance.
Complete the Figure 3 exercise “Melting” on page 275.
Freezing: The change of state from liquid to solid is called ___________________. At a
liquid’s _____________________, its particles are moving so ______________ that they
begin to take on ________________________. When the liquid begins to freeze, the
temperature ______________ at the freezing point until freezing is complete. The
freezing point is the same as the __________________________.
Complete the “apply it!”exercise on page 276.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 276.
What happens to a substance that becomes a gas?
The change of state from liquid to gas is called ______________________. Vaporization
happens when ___________________________________________________________
_______________________. There are two types of vaporization: __________________
and ____________________.
Evaporation: Vaporization that takes place _____________________________________
is called evaporation. An example is a shrinking puddle: the added energy from the sun
enables some of the water molecules at the surface of the puddle to evaporate (escape as a
gas into the air).
Boiling: Vaporization that takes place _________________________________________
is called boiling. When a liquid boils, vaporized molecules form ____________________
________________ of the liquid. The bubbles __________, _______________________
of the liquid, and escape into the ________. The temperature at which a liquid boils is its
___________________________.
Complete the “Compare and Contrast” exercise on page 277.
Complete the Figure 4 exercise “Types of Vaporization” on page 277.
Condensation: Condensation is the change in state from a _________ to a ____________.
Condensation occurs when _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
6
Complete the “Vocabulary” exercise on page 278.
Complete the Figure 5 exercise “Foggy Mirror” on page 278.
Complete the “do the math!” exercise on page 278.
Sublimation: Sublimation occurs ____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
The particles of a solid ____________________________________________________
as they gain enough energy to move independently and form a gas. One example is
______________ (solid carbon dioxide).
Complete the Figure 6 exercise “Dry Ice” on page 279.
Complete the “Explore the Essential ?” exercise “The Changing States of Water” on page 280-281.
Complete the “Assess Your Understanding” including the “got it?” on page 281.
Complete the “Review and Assessment” questions #11-16 on page 284.
Complete the Florida Benchmark Review questions #1-6 on page 285.
This is worth 1 grade and will be graded for accuracy.
7