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Reconstruction Notes
# 14
Reconstruction: Rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
I.
Federal Government-Reconstruction Plans
a. Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan – Lincoln’s Plan that when 10% of the voters in a state took an
oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could form a new government and adopt a new
constitution (banning slavery)
b. Civil Rights Act of 1866- Act that granted full citizenship to African Americans and gave
the federal government the power to intervene in state affairs to protect their rights.
U.S. federal troops (army) was sent to enforce the law. The law overturned the black
codes.
c. Reconstruction Act of 1867– Called for creation of new governments in 10 Southern
states and placed them under authority of a military commander until new
governments were formed. Military commanders were to begin registering voters and
to prepare for the new state constitutional conventions
d. Amnesty Act of 1872– Act passed in 1872 that pardoned most former Confederates,
including ROBERT E. LEE, who became President of Washington College, which became
Washington and Lee University. Lee also urged the South to reunite as Americans
II.
Toward Equality
a. Freedman’s Bureau – government agency that helped African Americans make the
transition to freedom, also set up schools to help freed slaves
b. The 13th Amendment – 1865 - abolished slavery in all parts of the United States
c. The 14th Amendment – 1866 - granted full citizenship to all individuals born in the United
States. Since most African Americans had been born here, they were given full
citizenship
d. The 15th Amendment – 1869 - Prohibited state and federal governments from denying
the right to vote to any male citizen because of “race, color, or previous condition of
servitude”
III.
A Segregated Society
a. Black Codes – laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 to control freed men
and women and allow plantation owners to exploit African American workers, to keep
freedmen from having full rights
b. Ku Klux Klan – a secret society, formed in 1866, which often used violence toward
African Americans
c. Jim Crow Laws – Southern laws that required the separation of white and African
Americans in almost every public place where they might come into contact with each
other
d. Voting Restrictions – restrictions used by Southern states to keep African Americans from
voting (literacy test and poll tax)
e. Election of 1876 – Reconstruction ends, when Federal Troops are moved from the South.
The rights that African Americans gained were lost through “Jim Crow” laws.
IV.
Southern Economy
a. Southern Industry – advances were made in southern industries of textiles, tobacco, and
lumbering
b. Sharecropping – system where a landowner rented a plot of land to a farmer with a
shack, some seeds and tools, and maybe a mule. In return, sharecroppers shared a
percent of their crop with the landowner. Began because most freedmen had very little
money to rent farmland. Most common work for freedmen.
c. Cash Crops – crops that could be sold for money, such as cotton
d. The Redeemers (Democrats) – By 1874, the Democrats had gained seats in the Senate
and had control of the House of Representatives. They were viewed as “Redeemers”
because they had saved the South from Republican rule
V.
Important People
a. Robert E. Lee- Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as
Americans when some wanted to fight on, Became president of Washington College
which is now known as Washington and Lee University.
b. Frederick Douglas – Former slave, spokesperson for the rights and freedom of African
Americans, wanted constitutional amendments that guaranteed full voting rights for
freedmen
c. Booker T. Washington- Believed equality could be achieved through vocational
education; he accepted social segregation for the time being
d. W.E.B. Dubois – Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans; he
did not accept segregation
VI.
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
a. The Tenure of Office Act – March of 1867 - prohibited the President from removing
government official, even from his own cabinet, without the approval of the Senate
b. The House of Representatives impeachment – In August 1867, Johnson removed is
Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, without the Senate’s approval. The House of
Representatives impeached him (“officially charged him with wrongdoing”)
c. The trial – the trial in the Senate began in March 1868 and lasted almost 3 months
d. The vote – the senators voted twice and each time the vote was 35-19, one vote shy of
the 2/3 majority required by the Constitution for conviction
VII.
Supreme Court Decisions
a. Dred Scott Decision (1857) – Slave taken to Illinois (a free state) and later back to
Missouri (a slave state). Sued under Missouri’s “once free, always free” principle.
However, the Supreme Court found that Dred Scott was an enslaved person and
considered “property”, so he had no right under the Constitution, since he was not a
citizen.
b. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Homer Plessy was part African American and part white. He
tried to board a “white-only” train car, but was kicked off for being “African American”.
The Supreme Court found that it was ok for whites and African Americans to have
separate facilities, as long as they were equal (“Separate but equal”)
Reconstruction Notes
# 14
Reconstruction: Rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
VIII. Federal Government-Reconstruction Plans
a. _______________________ – Lincoln’s Plan that when ______ of the voters in a state took
an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could form a new government and adopt a
new constitution (banning slavery)
b. Civil Rights Act of 1866- Act that granted _________________________________________
and gave the federal government the power to intervene in state affairs to protect
their rights. U.S. federal troops (army) was sent to enforce the law. The law overturned
the ____________________.
c. Reconstruction Act of 1867– Called for creation of new governments in
___________________ and placed them under authority of a military commander until
new governments were formed. Military commanders were to begin registering voters
and to prepare for the new state constitutional conventions
d. ________________________________– Act passed in 1872 that pardoned most former
Confederates, including ____________________, who became President of Washington
College, which became Washington and Lee University. Lee also urged the South to
reunite as Americans
IX.
Toward Equality
a. Freedman’s Bureau – government agency that helped African Americans make the
transition to freedom, ______________________________________________________
b. The 13th Amendment – ______________ - abolished slavery in all parts of the United States
c. The 14th Amendment – ______________ - granted full citizenship to all individuals born in
the United States. Since most African Americans had been born here, they were given
full citizenship
d. The 15th Amendment – _______________ - Prohibited state and federal governments from
denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude”
X.
A Segregated Society
a. Black Codes – laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 to control freed men
and women and allow plantation owners to exploit African American workers,
_______________________________________________________________________________
b. Ku Klux Klan – a secret society, formed in _________, which often used violence toward
African Americans
c. ___________________ – Southern laws that required the separation of white and African
Americans in almost every public place where they might come into contact with each
other
d. Voting Restrictions – restrictions used by Southern states to keep African Americans from
voting (__________________ and _____________)
e. Election of 1876 – Reconstruction ends, when Federal Troops are moved from the South.
The rights that African Americans gained were lost through “Jim Crow” laws.
XI.
Southern Economy
a. Southern Industry – advances were made in southern industries of ____________,
____________, and _________________
b. ___________________ – system where a landowner rented a plot of land to a farmer with
a shack, some seeds and tools, and maybe a mule. In return, sharecroppers shared a
percent of their crop with the landowner. Began because most freedmen had very little
money to rent farmland. Most common work for freedmen.
c. Cash Crops – crops that could be sold for money, such as _______________
d. The Redeemers (Democrats) – By 1874, the Democrats had gained seats in the Senate
and had control of the House of Representatives. They were viewed as “Redeemers”
because they had saved the South from Republican rule
XII.
Important People
a. _____________________- Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and
reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on, Became president of Washington
College which is now known as Washington and Lee University.
b. ______________________ – Former slave, spokesperson for the rights and freedom of
African Americans, wanted constitutional amendments that guaranteed full voting
rights for freedmen
c. _______________________- Believed equality could be achieved through vocational
education; he accepted social segregation for the time being
d. _______________________ – Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African
Americans; he did not accept segregation
XIII.
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
a. The Tenure of Office Act – March of ____________ - prohibited the President from
removing government official, even from his own cabinet, without the approval of the
Senate
b. The House of Representatives impeachment – In August 1867, Johnson removed is
Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, without the Senate’s approval. The House of
Representatives ______________________ (“officially charged him with wrongdoing”)
c. The trial – the trial in the Senate began in _______________ and lasted almost ____ months
d. The vote – the senators voted twice and each time the vote was 35-19, one vote shy of
the 2/3 majority required by the Constitution for conviction
XIV.
Supreme Court Decisions
a. ______________________ (1857) – Slave taken to Illinois (a free state) and later back to
Missouri (a slave state). Sued under Missouri’s “once free, always free” principle.
However, the Supreme Court found that Dred Scott was an enslaved person and
considered “property”, so he had no right under the Constitution, since he was not a
citizen.
b. ______________________ (1896) – Homer Plessy was part African American and part
white. He tried to board a “white-only” train car, but was kicked off for being “African
American”. The Supreme Court found that it was ok for whites and African Americans to
have separate facilities, as long as they were equal (“Separate but equal”)