Download Industrial Revolution - Appoquinimink High School

1750
•Agricultural Society
–Simple life and homes
–Food grown for
consumption
–Clothes made by hand
–Simple tools
Why Were the British
Started about 1750……
•Natural Resources!
– Coal for power
– Iron for building
st
1 ?
•Human Resources
Agricultural Boom
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Use of different soils
Crop rotation
Use of horses
Invention of seed drill
Physical size of animals increased
Enclosure farming – fencing land
Population Explosion
– Decline in death rates
– Reduced risk of famine
– Stronger/healthier babies
from better eating
– Deadly diseases
in decline
•New Technology
–Scientific Revolution
• Attention on physical world &
managing it
–Social Revolution
• Enlightenment thinking
–Political Revolution
• Economic
–
Capital ($$)
•Accumulated by business
class
•Invest in mines, railroads,
and factories
• Economic
– Demand
•Population explosion
increased demand
•General economic
prosperity to allow
purchases
• Political &
Social
Conditions
–Stable government
–Strong navy for
protection
–Upper middle class
allowed wealth to spread
• Political &
Social
Conditions – cont…
–Religious groups that encouraged
thrift & hard work
–Worldly problems more of a
concern than life after death
–Energies devoted to material
achievements
Textile
1. A cloth, especially one
manufactured by weaving or
knitting; a fabric.
2. Fiber or yarn for
weaving or knitting
into cloth.
Changes in Textile Industry
Innovations:
• John Kay: Flying Shuttle –
cloth weaving
• James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny –
spun thread
• Richard Awkwright: water
power to speed up spinning
Start of Factories
• New machines too large &
expensive for homes.
• First, built next to streams to run
on water power. Later, steam
engines powered by coal.
• Many workers with machines
produced increased quantities of
lower priced goods.
Transportation
• Railroads
• Turnpikes
• Steamboats and Ships
Urbanization
• Movement of people to city
• Looking for jobs
• Coal and iron mines grew
cities
• Factories made cities grow
The Factory System
• Rigid discipline:
–Set schedule
–Long hours (12 to 16 per
day)
–Dangerous conditions
The Factory System
• Women workers
– Easier to manage
– Paid less than men for same
job
– Still had to care for family and
home
The Factory System
• Child labor
– Small and quick
– Family needed money
– No education
The New Middle Class
• Merchants, inventors, or skilled
artisans
• “Rags to Riches”
• Nice home, dressed and ate well
• Political involvement
• Servants
• “Get ahead” attitude that was not
sympathetic to the poor
Thomas Malthus
• “Essay on the Principle of
Population”
• Population increasing faster than
food supply
• Only checks on population
growth are war, disease, and
famine.
Laissez-Faire Economics
• Government should not
interfere with the free
operation of the economy
• “Hands off approach”
Utilitarians
• “The greatest happiness for the
greatest number” of citizens
• Laws or actions judged by their
“utility”
• Individual freedoms
• Government intervention in
some instances
Socialism
• The people as a whole would
own and run the “means of
production,” not private
individuals
• Condemned the evils of
industrial capitalism
Utopia
• No difference between
rich and poor
• Self-sufficient
communities
• Fighting would end
Karl Marx
• Scientific Socialism
• Condemned the idea of Utopia
• “The Communist Manifesto” –
economics the driving force in
history
• “the history of class struggles”
between “haves” and “have-nots”
Spread of the Industrial
Revolution
Britain…..Belgium…..
Germany…..France…..
United States….Japan…..
Canada…..Australia…..
New Zealand…..
Results
• Not all countries had
necessary resources
• Social changes
• Fierce competition
• “Shrinking of the World”
• Pollution
New Methods of Production
• Interchangeable parts
• Assembly line
Technology
• Steel:
–Henry Bessemer – purified iron
ore
–Lighter, harder, more durable
than iron
–Produced cheaply
• Chemicals
–Medicine
–First artificial food
(margarine)
–Perfume
–Soap!!
–Dynamite
•Electricity
–Electric light bulb
–Batteries
–Cables to carry electicity
–Power transformers
–AC Current
More…..
• Transportation:
–Internal combustion engine
–Cars & gasoline
–Airplanes
• Communication:
–Telegraph
–Telephone
–Radio
BIG Business
• Lots of money needed!!
• Corporations – business owned by
many investors
• Monopolies – Companies that
controlled all aspects of industry or
areas of the economy
• Cartel – An association to fix prices, set
production quotas, or divide a market
Need for Regulation?
Captains of Industry
Or
Robber Barons?
Life during the Industrial
Revolution
• Medicine:
–Germ
discovery
–Vaccines
–Pasteurization
–Insects can
cause illness
–Anesthesia
–Sterilization
–Sanitation
–Antiseptics
Cities
• Increasing
population
• Slums
• Tenements
• More wealth
• Shopping areas
• Trolley lines
• Suburbia
• Sidewalks
• Paved streets
• Electric street
lights
• Sewers
• Clean water
• Skyscrapers
Working-Class
Problems:
• Low wages
• Long hours
• Unsafe
conditions
• Threat of
unemployment
• Child labor
Solutions:
• Right to vote
• Organized Unions
• Bargaining
• Laws regulating
conditions, hours,
child labor
Changing Attitudes & Values
• Social Order
• Middle Class
• Rights for Women
–Suffrage: The right to vote
• Public Education – late 1800’s
• Higher Education