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Transcript
26 ChanicalRegulation As you read this, your blood is carrying dozens of different hormones from endocrine glands to target cellsall over your body. Thesehormones are chemicalsignalsthat regulate the activitiesof every cell. Hormones coordinatethe activitiesof body organs,maintaining homeostasis.Their effectson their targetsrange from tiny adjustmentsin chemistry to control of large-scalebody processes,such as growth and reproduction. Hormones are produced in minuscule amounts; cells are capable of responding to very subtle signals. Hormones carry specificmessages,and eachcell is equipped to respond only to certain ones.Different target cells may even respond differently to the samehormone. This subtle and intricate hormone communication and control systemis the subjectof Chapter 26. Organizing Your Kn owl edge This module describesthe roles of chemical signals in the function of the endocrine and nervous systems.Color and label the diagrams below, comparing the activities of endocrine cells,neurosecretorycells,and nerve cells.Label the following: neurosecretory cell, hormone molecules,nerve signals,endocrinecell, neurotransmittermolecules,se' cretory vesicles,target cell, blood vessel,and nerve cell. Note that the diagramsare not in the sameorder as those in the text. Choosea color for each of the cells. Make hormone moleculesfrom the endocrinecell green dots, hormone moleculesfrom the neurosecretorv cell blue dots, and neurotransmitter moleculesred dots. B._ 2AO I I I I ! I I ChemicalRegulation of CellSignaling Web/CDActivity26A Overview HormoneAction Web/CDActivity26B Nonsteroid Web/CDActivity26C SteroidHormoneAction just about everything you need to know about the mechanismsby which hormones affect their target cells is summarizedin the two figures in Module 26.2.Toreview them, label the diagrams below. Choosefrom: DNA, steroid hormone, enzyme/ receptor protein, plasma membrane, target cell, new protein, signal transduction pathway, epinephrine, cellular response/nucleus,hormone-receptorcomplex,and relay molecules. 10- *\ .,,, - ,r- | t 1') .N - c _ l / iF, I to- w/ ''..1?t :'; ,'uj'.@"***rU*, .,, wetry ry , / l , / v -\ \=-=-(-l \*--l \ \ lV tc\ v I 281 28.2 Chapter26 Web/CDActivity26D HumanEndocrine Glandsand Hormones This module is an overview of the glands and hormonesdiscussedin this chapter.You may want to refer back to the diagram and table as referencesasyou read about glands and hormones in the modules that follow. Label the human endocrine glands on the diagram below, and color eachone a different color. Choosefrom thymus, testis, pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, pancreas,thyroid gland, hypothalamus, and ovary. Consulting Table 26.3in the text, list under the name of eachgland one of the hormones it produces. ChemicalRegulation 28,3 The table in Module 26.3is a useful summary of glands, hormones,and hormone actions. Use it to completethe following chart by filling in the blanks. Note that the order of the glands here is different from the table in the text. (You may want to skip this for now and come back to it as a review after you have studied the glands and hormones in the following modulesin more detail.) GIand 1. HormoneG) 2 .& 3 . Calcitonin Ovaries 5. Progesterone 8. 9. & 10. Action Control metabolic processes 4. 6. 7. Trigger "fight or flight" response Glucocorticoids t2. 13. Regulatemineral gain and lossby kidneys Glucagon 14. 15. T6. 17. 18. Raises blood calcium level t9 Melatonin 20. 27. 22. Stimulatesgrowth Thyroid-stimulating hormone 23. Prolactin 24. 25. Stimulates adrenal cortex Luteinizing hormone 26. 27. Stimulatesegg and sperm production Oxytocin 28. 29. Promoteswater retention bv kidnevs Thymus 30. 31. JZ. Androgens 33. 34. Hormones that regulate anterior pituitary; hormones releasedby posterior pituitary Affect pituitary 11. Pancreas Posterior pituitary 284 Chapter26 The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are closely related and tie the nervous and endocrine systemstogether. But the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary do different jobs and are controlled in different ways. Statewhether eachof the following relatesto the hypothalamus (H), anterior lobe of the pituitary (A), or posterior lobe of the pituitary (P). _ _ _ _ _ 1 . Storesand secreteshormones actually made in the hypothalamus 2. Secretesreleasingand inhibiting hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary 3. Composed of nonnervous, glandular tissue 4. Part of the brain 5. \A/herethe hormones oxytocin and ADH are releasedinto the blood 6. Respondsto releasingand inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus 7. Secretesgrowth hormone, ACTH, and thyroid-stimulating hormone 8. Is the terminus of neurosecretorycells from the hypothalamus 9 . Most hormones that it secretesinfluence other endocrine glands 10.Exertsmaster control over the endocrine system 1 1 .Consistsof nervous tissue and is actually an extensionof the hypothalamus 12. Negative feedbackusually acts on this part of the system 13.Blood vesselscarry releasinghormones from here to the anterior pituitary 14. Along with the brain, it secretesthe body's natural painkillers Most people know at least a little about the thyroid gland. Once you understand that thyroid hormonesstimulate metabolism,it is easyto rememberthe symptoms of over- and undersecretionand the effectsof thyroid medication. Review the thyroid gland by matching eachphrase on the right with a substanceon the left. A.Iodine B'Ta C. TSH D. T, E. TRH 1. Secretedby hypothalamus; stimulates anterior pituitary 2. Secretedby anterior pituitary; stimulates thyroid 3. Hormone secretedby thyroid 4. Another hormone secretedby thyroid 5. Needed for the manufacture of thyroid hormones 6. T, and Tn signal the hypothalamus to stop making this 7. Goiter occursif there is not enough of this in the diet 8. Also called thyroxine Chemical Regulation 285 Two opposing,or antagonistic,hormonescontrol the balanceof calcium in the blood. To review calcium homeostasis,study Figure 26.7in the text. Use it to help you choosethe correct italicized words to complete the following paragraph. Calcium is important for nerve impulse transmission,muscle contraction,transport of moleculesthrough cell membranes,and (1) digestion,proteinsynthesis,bloodclotting. Blood calcium concentrationis held in a narrow range by the thyroid and parathyroid glands. If blood calcium drops, the (2) thyroidgland,parathyroidglandsincrease(s) decreased secretionof (3) parathyroidhormone,calcitonin.This causes(4) increased, reabsorption of calcium as the kidneys form urine, (5) increased, decreased absorption of calcium from food, and (6) release of calciumftom, depositionof calciuminbone.If blood calcium concentrationclimbs too high, (7) parathyroidhormone,calcitoninis secretedby the (8) thyroidgland,parathyroidglands.This causes(9) increased, decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and (1.0)release of cnlciumfrom,depositionof calciuminbone. To understand how the pancreascontrolsblood sugar,you need to rememberonly two things: (1) the pancreasmakes two hormones, insulin and glucagon, and (2) diabetics have high blood sugar, so many of them take insulin. Given these two facts, you can figure everything elseout: If diabeticshave to take insulin, insulin must make blood sugar go down. It must make cells take sugar out of the blood and use it or store it. That means glucagon must make blood sugar go up, by causing cells to get it out of storageand put it into the blood. Finally, an increasein blood sugar must trigger insulin secretion(to make sugar go down), so a drop in blood sugar must trigger glucagon secretion(to make blood sugargo up). To review control of blood sugar level, choose either the word increase(s) or decrease(s) to complete eachof the following statements. 1. Eatins a meal rich in carbohvdratescausesblood slucoseto the pancreassecretesmore insulin. 2. \Atrhen blood glucose- their uptake and use of glucose. 3. Insulin causesbody cells to 4. Insulin also causesglycogen formation by the liver to 5. Insulin therefore causesblood glucoseto 6. Betweenmeals,blood glucoselevels tend the pancreassecretesmore glucagon. 7. \zVhenblood glucose8. Glucasoncausesblood elucoseto 9. Glucagon breakdown of glycogen in the liver and release of glucose to the blood. 10. Glucagon also triggers liver cells to conversion of fats to glucose. 11. As blood glucoserises toward the set point, secretionof glucagon 12. In type I diabetes,blood sugar 13. In type II diabetes,there is a becausethe body is unable to produce insulin. in cells' ability to respond to insulin. 14. Hypoglycemia results from an excess of insulin, which causes a sudden in blood glucose. 28,6 Chapter26 The adrenal gland is similar to the pituitary in that it is two glands in one. The parts have different jobs and send out different hormones.One of its parts (the medulla) is stimulated by nerve impulses to secreteits hormones,while the other part (the cortex) is stimulated by hormonal signals.The hormonesfrom the adrenal medulla and cortex help the body deal with stress.After reading the modules and studying Figure 26.10in the text, try to match eachof the phraseson the right with adrenal stresshormones,E, M, or G. E. Epinephrine and norepinephrine M. Mineralocorticoids G. Glucocorticoids 1. Increasebreathingrate 2. Respondto short-term stress 3. Secretedby the adrenalcortex 4. Also secretedby the adrenalcortex 5. Increaseblood volume and p'ressurein responseto long-term stress 6. Triggered by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus 7. Secretedby the adrenal medulla 8. Causeproteins and fats to be broken down to make glucose 9. Triggered by ACTH from the pituitary 10.Also triggered by ACTH from the pituitary 11.Suppressthe inflammatory responseand immune system 12.Causeretention of sodium and water by kidneys 13.Dilate and/ or constrictblood vessels,redirectingblood flow 14.Increasemetabolicrate 15.Often prescribed to relieve pain from athletic injuries _ Web/CDActivity26D HumanEndocrine GlandsandHormones Sexhormones are discussedin more detail in Chapter 27. After reading Module 26.72,try sketchingon a separatesheetof paper a conceptmap for sexhormones.Referto Chapter 3, Exercise10,for a discussionof constructing a conceptmap. Include the following in your conceptmap: testosterone,gonads,estrogens,hypothalamus, FSH and LH, progestins, testes,releasingfactor,anterior pituitary, ovaries,sexhormones,and steroids. On a separatesheetof paper, briefly describehow the items in eachof the following groups are related to one another.They may affect one another,opposeone another,or have something in common. L. luteinizing hormone 2. oxytocin a glucocorticoids 4. glucocorticoids 6. thyroxine calcitonin 7. glucagon insulin 8. glucocorticoids 1 1 .oxytocin follicle-stimulating hormone LH epinephrine ACTH 5. antidiuretic hormone 10. calcitonin androgens antidiuretic hormone glucagon 9 . ACTH estrogens mineralocorticoids T3 epinephrine growth hormone parathyroid hormone prolactin parathyroid hormone mineralocorticoids FSH TSH norepinephrine prolactin calcitonin ChemicalRegulation d. It stops hormone action when it is no longer needed. e. It carriesa hormone while it is in the blood. Knowledge TbstingYour Multiple Choice n L. Another system that works closely with the endocrine system to control body processesis the a. circulatory system. b. immune system. c. digestive system. d. nervoussystem. e. muscular system. 2. Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases.This triggers an increase in the hormone a. thyroxine. b. epinephrine. c. adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). d. glucagon. e. insulin. 3. Every hormone a. is a protein. b. is produced in responseto stress. c. is under the control of the pituitary gland. d. entersa cell and interactswith DNA. e. acts as a signal between cells. 4. Researchershave found increasedlevels of in the blood of stuhormones from the dents preparing for final exams.Thesehormones are produced in responseto stress. a. thyroid gland b. pineal gland c. posteriorpituitary d. adrenal glands e. parathyroid glands 5. \Atrhichof the following hormones have antagonistic (opposing) effects? a. thyroxine and calcitonin b. insulin and glucagon c. growth hormone and epinephrine d. ACTH and glucocorticoids e. epinephrine and norepinephrine 5. \A/hatis the role of a receptor in hormone action? a. It signals a cell to secretea hormone. b. It informs a gland as to whether its hormones are having an effect. c. It enablesa target cell to respond to a hormone. 247 When a boy goesthrough puberty, the steroid "puts hair on his chest" hormone testosterone by a. interacting with DNA in the nuclei of celis. b. causingcellsto changeshape. c. altering the permeability of plasma membranes. d. triggering nerve impulses in cells. e. turning enzymeson. 8. A hormone from the parathyroid glands works to in opposition to a hormone from the resulate a. posterior pituitary . . . metabolic rate b. thyroid gland . . . blood calcium c. pancreas.. . water reabsorption d. adrenalmedulla . . . blood calcium e. thyroid gland. . . blood glucose 9 . Someglands produce hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. \zVhichof the following hormones specifically acts to trigger secretion of hormonesby another endocrine gland? a. thyroxine b. progesterone c. adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) e. melatonin 10. How is the level of thyroxine in the blood regulated? a. Thyroxine stimulates the pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). b. TSH inhibits secretionof thyroxine from the thyroid gland. c. TSH-releasinghormone (TRH) inhibits secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. d. Thyroxine stimulates the hypothalamus to secreteTRH. e. Thyroxine and TSH inhibit secretionof TRH. 11.. Steroid hormones are produced only by the a. adrenalmedulla and pancreas. b. thyroid gland and pancreas. c. anterior and posterior pituitary. d. thyroid gland and sex organs. e. sexorgansand adrenalcortex. 2AA Chapter26 12. It usually takes much longer for sex hormones and other steroids to produce their effectsthan it takes for most nonsteroid hormones.Why? a. Steroidsare bigger, slower molecules. b. Steroidsusually must be carried longer distancesby the blood. c. Steroidscausetarget cells to make new proteins, which takes time. d. Steroidsmust relay their messagevia a receptor. e. It takes longer for endocrine cells to make and secretesteroids. 1.3. The pituitary is actually two glands. The anterior lobe of the pituitary secretesits hormones when stimulated by and the posterior lobe of the pituitary secretesits hormones when stimulatedby a. hormones from the adrenal cortex . . . hormones from the thyroid b. hormones from the hypothalamus . . . nerve impulses from the hypothalamus hormones from the hypothalamus . . . horc. mones from the thyroid d. nerve impulses from the hypothalamus . . . hormones from the hypothalamus e. hormones from the pineal gland . . . hormones from the pancreas 14. Injectionsof a hormone are sometimesgiven to strengthencontractionsof the uterus during childbirth. What hormone might this be? a. adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) b. thyroxine c. oxytocin d. insulin e. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 15. \Atrhichof the following hormones has the broadest range of targets? a. ADH b. prolactin c. TSH d. epinephrine e. calcitonin Essay 1. The pituitary is often called the master gland. Lr what way is this true? In what way is it misleading? 2. Compare how the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla deal with stress. 3. How are hormones and neurotransmitters alike? How are they different? 4. Briefly describean example of a hormonal diseaseor abnormality in which a. too much hormone is secreted. b. not enough hormone is secreted. c. hormone is secretedin a normal amount, but cells fail to respond. 5. Why are glucocorticoidsuseful in treating injuries? \A/hyis prolonged use of glucocorticoids risky? 6. Describetwo different situations in which a pair of hormones have opposite (antagonistic) effectson the body. epp Ui"S Your Knowleilge Multiple Choice 1. Jetlag occurswhen a personmovesrapidly from one time zone to another, causing conflict between the body's biological rhythm and the new cycle of light and dark. Somescientists suspectthat jet lag may result from disruption of a daily hormone cycle. \Atrhichof the following hormones do you think is the most likely suspect? a. epinephrine b. insulin c. melatonin d. estrogen e. prolactin 2. Which of the following hormones triggers secretion of ihe other two? a. thyroxine b. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) c. TSH-releasinghormone (TRH) d. Any of the above can trigger secretionof the others. e. None of the above can trigger secretionof the others. 3. A tumor in an endocrine gland caused|ennifer to have weakenedbones and unusually high levels of blood calcium. Which of the following was affected? a. anterior pituitary b. pancreas c. adrenal glands d. parathyroid glands e. thymus ChemicalRegulation 4. Which of the following exertscontrol over all the others? a. adrenal cortex b. hypothalamus c. thyroid gland d. anterior pituitary e. testes 5. Becauseonly the gland usesio- dine to make its hormones, radioactive iodine is sometimes used as a treatment for tumors of this gland. a. pituitary b. pancreatic c. thyroid d. adrenal e. testicular 6 . Diabetes insipidus is an inherited endocrine malfunction (unrelated to diabetes mellitus) in which the kidneys fail to reabsorb normal amounts of water. Victims of this disease produce gallons of urine each day, and their kidneys soon wear out. Treatment of this disease involves replacing a missing hormone. Which of the following do you think it is? a. b. c. d. e. n glucagon epinephrine glucocorticoids antidiuretic hormone (ADH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) In an experiment, researchers removed the of young mice, and as a result, these mice were able to accept organ transplants without rejection. a. pineal glands b. thymus glands c. thyroid glands d. parathyroid glands e. adrenal glands 8. Tim once suffered a severe allergic reaction to a bee sting. The sting caused him to suffer a near-fatal drop in blood pressure called anaphylactic shock. Now he carries a kit containing a syringe of , which he can inject to speed up his heart if he reacts to a bee sting. a. b. c. d. e. insulin thyroxine testosterone calcitonin epinephrine 2Ag 9. It hasbeenfound that certainsalamandersfail to go through the normal transformation from tadpole to adult if thereis a shortageof iodine in the pond water in which they live. This makes to manufacture horit impossible for the monesnecessaryfor normal development. a. thyroid gland b. posterior pituitary c. adrenal cortex d. pineal gland e. pancreas 10. As a young girl, Maria suffered a head injury that damaged her pituitary. An injury to the pituitary is particularly seriousbecauseof all the functions controlled by this gland. As Maria got older, she and her doctors found that all of were affected. the following excepta. metabolic rate b. growth c. her menstrual cycle d. milk production e. blood calciumlevel Essay 1. Hypoglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar drops to abnormally low levels.What seemsto be the causeof hypoglycemia?Why would it not be a good idea to try to correct this problem by eating more sugar? 2. One of the symptoms of severediabetesmellitus is breath that has a sweetish,acetonesmell. The smell comesfrom by-products of fat breakdown in the body. If another consequenceof diabetesis excesssugar in the blood, why do the cells not just use the sugar instead of breaking down fat? 3. A tumor can causeenlargementof the thyroid gland. How could this result in abnormally high metabolic rate and body temperature? How could similar symptoms be produced by a tumor of the pituitary gland? 4. Somehormones,such as ADH, act on very specific targets (for ADH, the kidney). Other hormones,such as insulin, are able to affect every cell in the body. Basedon what you have leamed about how hormones exert their effects on target cells,speculateas to how somehormones can affect many targets,while other hormones affect only one. 29O Chapter26 5. A chemical called dioxin, or TCDD, is produced as a contaminant during some chemical manufacfuring processes.Trace amounts of this substancewere present in Agent Orange, a defoliant sprayed on vegetation during the Vietnam War. There has been a continuing controversy over its effectson soldiers exposed to it during the war. Animal testshave shown that dioxin can be lethal and can causebirth defects,cancer,liver and thymus damage,and immune systemsuppression.But its effectson humans are unclear, and even animal testsare uneveni a hamster is not affectedby a dose that can kill a guinea pig. Researchershave discovered that dioxin exertsits effectslike a steroid hormone. It entersa cell and binds to a receptor protein, which in turn attachesto the cell's DNA. How might this mechanismhelp explain the variety of effectsof dioxin on different bodv svstemsand in different animals? Ertending YourKnowledge 1 . Compare communication in the body via nerve impulses and hormones with everyday communication by telephoneand letter. \rVhatare the characteristicsof each?In what situations is eachthe most useful? 2. A survey indicates that over a quarter million U.S.high school students have used anabolic steroids,slmthetic derivatives of testosterone. This number is in addition to the thousandsof collegeand professional athleteswho have used thesehormones.Why do athletesuse anabolic steroids?\A/hatare some of the dangers of steroid use?Do you know anyone who has used steroids in this way? 3. Do you know someonewho has an endocrine disorder, such as diabetes?How does that person deal with his or her condition? Have there been recent discoveriesor developmentsthat have improved treatment of this condition?