Download Moser Gender Analysis Framework (contd….)

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UNDERSTANDING GENDER
ANALYSIS
BY PIUS ADEJOH
Overview
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1.
2.
What and Why of Gender Analysis
Gender Analysis Frameworks and Tools
Learning Objectives
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At the end of this session, it is expected that
participants :
 Will develop a basic understanding of gender
analysis and its benefits


Will become familiar with gender analytical tools,
approaches and data
Some basics about Gender
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



Gender is a social construction depending upon time
and culture
A difference exists between women and men in the
area of division of labour, and access and control
over resources
There is a global gender inequality in favour of
men
Men’s work = paid = considered more important
Women’s work = unpaid= considered less important

Due to gender discrimination women do not get
their fair share of opportunities and benefits
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Can development initiatives fail
because they do not consider gender
?
Have a look at this development intervention (source:
UNDP)
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We have brought
Food for everyone,
Go get from the
tree.
Answer these Q. based on the Picture
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



Do you think this is Equal Opportunity for all
animals?
Does the same thing happen in development
projects?
Who will be able to get the Food?
What should be done instead?
Implicit Assumptions of Development Programs
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Assumptions during Project design and implementation:




Men are the head of household -> Project activities for economic
benefits should focus men
Housework or child care is not much efforts -> Women can handle
outside work with house work, women’s priorities go unnoticed
Women do care work -> Interventions related to family health
should focus women
Development benefits will automatically reach women
What is Gender Analysis
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

Gender analysis is a systematic tool to examine social
and economic differences between women and men
It is a is a tool
to better understand
the different social,
economic, cultural
and political realities
of women and men, girls and boys.
Meaning of Gender Analysis (contd…)

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

Methodology for collecting
information about gender
and
processing
Identify roles, needs, opportunities of women AND
men
Requires information
qualitative
--
quantitative
and
Meaning of Gender Analysis(Contd…)
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Explores women’s and men’s different realities and
expectations
 Considers effects of interventions
 Ensures benefits and resources are
effectively and equitably targeted

GENDER NEUTRAL POLICIES?
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•
•
May affect women and men differently
because of differences between them
May reinforce existing inequalities
WOMEN
≠ HOMOGENOUS
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
Gender roles and behaviours vary across:
 Cultures
 Class
 Ethnicity
 Income
 Education
 Age

Gender attributes change over time
Goals of Gender Analysis
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

Better understand our community (women, men, girls
and boys)
Get better results from development programs
What Gender Analysis Will Provide?
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




Analysis of the Division of Labour and Access and Control of Resources
Understanding of gender relations and their Implications for development
policy and implementation
Specific gender disaggregated statistics
A Review of Women’s Priorities, Women’s Practical Needs and Strategic Interest
and ways to address them
A Review of Social, Economic, Political Power Dynamics
Absence of GA propose high risk of program failure, less success or reinforce
inequity
When to conduct a Gender Analysis
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Gender Analysis should/can be undertaken at any/all
stages of a program/project cycle, including:
 Identification of the project;
 Planning or design of the activity;
 Implementation; and
 Monitoring and evaluation of program
 Most effective when initiated during design phase
Who should do gender analysis
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Government
 Policy makers
 Donors
 Program Managers
 Development Staff
 Field workers, etc.

GA should be participatory involving key stakeholders from the
field where the intervention is to take place
Gender Analysis can be conducted through a variety of Tools and
Frameworks
HOW TO DO GENDER ANALYSIS
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
Gender Analysis Frameworks
•Gender roles framework (Harvard)
•Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser)
•Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren Levy)
•Gender analysis matrix (GAM)
•Equality and empowerment framework (Sara
Longwe)
•Capacities and vulnerabilities framework (CVA)
•People oriented planning framework (POP)
•Social relations framework (SRF)
GENDER ANALYSIS QUESTIONS
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
Who does what within and outside of the household?
Are the roles, responsibilities and priorities of men and women, both within and
outside the household, different?

Who owns/controls/accesses what?
Are there differences among women and men?

What are the institutional, economic and social factors?
Will failure to consider these differences negatively impact programs/policies in terms
of causing undesirable outcomes for men and/or women? If so, how, and what
response is appropriate?
GENDER ANALYSIS QUESTIONS
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•
•
•
•
•
What capabilities, opportunities and decision making
powers do men and women have?
Did you review sex-disaggregated data?
Were women and men consulted?
Have the different needs, interests and responsibilities
been considered?
What groups are most likely to be affected and how?
Steps in Gender Analysis
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


Assess current situation/policies and needs
Collect and analyze sex disaggregated data
Establish a baseline
Assess current situation (continued)
Draft program/policy
 Expected impact on women and men
 Can negative impacts be overcome?
 Implement
 Monitor and evaluate
 Identify benefits/negative impacts
 Solicit feedback and be responsive

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How To Do Gender Analysis
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



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


Collect Relevant Data:
Sex–disaggregated information for analysis (Who does what?
Gender roles, responsibilities, priorities of men and women both
within and outside the household?
Who has what?
Who controls what?)
Identify Relevant Gender Issues (women’s and men’s practical needs
and strategic interests)
Understand the institutional, economic, social, and political contexts
(What are the differences, constraints, influences, power dynamics
between women and men?)
Understand the priorities and needs of both men and women
affected by the project (what do they need/want?)
Gender Analysis Frameworks
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







Gender roles framework (Harvard)
Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser)
Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren Levy)
Gender analysis matrix (GAM)
Equality and empowerment framework (Sara Longwe)
Capacities and vulnerabilities framework (CVA)
People oriented planning framework (POP)
Social relations framework (SRF)
Harvard Analytical Framework

also called the Gender Roles Framework

It was one of the earliest of such frameworks


The framework emphasizes that; both men and
women are involved in development as actors and
beneficiaries.
As such there is economic sense in allocating
resources to both.
Harvard Analytical Framework (contd…)



It holds that doing this would make development
more efficient – a position named the “efficiency
approach“
The Framework is based on the premise that
development affects women and men differently
and affects them whether or not development had
the women and men in mind when planning.
To map the work of men and women in the
community and highlight the key differences
Four Components of the Harvard
Framework
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



Activity Profile
Access and Control Profile
Analysis of Influencing Factors
Project cycle analysis
Four Components (Contd….)

The activity profile, focuses on activities undertaken in
communities as either productive or reproductive and then
outlines who do them, when and where. It also looks at
how and why the activities are done.

This process helps to understand the gender division of
labour and how it evolves.

the access and control profile, which identifies the resources
used to carry out the work identified in the activity profile,
and access to and control over their use, by gender
Tool 1: Activity profile
Activities
Women/Men
Time
Productive/Livelihoo
d activities
Agriculture
Income generation
Employment
Others

M
M
M
Seasonal
Seasonal
W
W
W
W
W
W/M
W
Everyday
Everyday
Everyday
Everyday
Reproductive
activities
Water
Fuel
Food
Childcare
Health
Cleaning and repair
Market
Other

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–
–
–
–
2
2
2
4
hrs
hrs
hrs
hrs
Harvard framework - 2
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Tool 2: The access and control profile –
 analyses resources available in the project and what benefit
accrues from their being used




it analyses who (male or female has access to these resources (ex.
land, equipment, capital etc.)?
who has access to benefits (ex. education, health services, political
power etc.)?
who has control over resources and benefits?
In gender analysis, it is often found out that whereas women
have wide access to resources and benefits, control largely
rests with men and this tilts gender power relations.
Tool 2: Access and control profile
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Access
Control
Assets, Resources
Land
Equipment
Cash
Education
Training
Other
W/M
W/M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
W/M
W
M
M
M
M
M
M
Benefits
Income
Education
Health
Water User Group
Political power
Other
Tool 3: Influencing factors
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3. These are factors that influence the pattern in the two profiles above
(Components 1 & 2)

This component allows us to identify factors that determine the gender
differences –
Political, economic, cultural etc.
 Community norms, social hierachies
 Training and education
 Attitude of community towards external development workers
 Past and present influences
 Opportunities and constraints
Understanding influencing factors helps to identify entry points for
appropriate interventions and options for change

Tool 4: Project-cycle Analysis
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

This is the last component in the Harvard framework.
It takes the project in its entirety and applies the three
foregoing components, i.e. Activity profile, Access and
Control profile and the influencing factors to determine
how gender interacts with each project stage
enumerated below
PROJECT-CYCLE ANALYSIS: Component/Tool 4 (contd….)
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


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Identification (Needs assessment and Objective
formulation).
Design (Anticipating implications to men and women
and consideration access and control issues).
Implementation (Ensuring gender balance in
participation).
Evaluation (Assessing differential impact on women
and men).
Moser Gender Analysis Framework


A planning methodology aimed at the emancipation
of women from their subordination and their
achievement of equality, equity and empowerment.
The salient features of the framework are its
inclusion of the policy approaches to women’s
development, recognition of the triple roles of
women, the distinction of practical and strategic
gender interests as well as emphasis of the
empowerment agenda
Moser Gender Analysis Framework (contd….)
•It recognizes that there may be institutional /political
resistance
to
addressing
and
transforming
gender
relations.
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•Its approach to planning challenges unequal gender relations
and supports the empowerment of women.
•The concept of practical and strategic gender needs is a very
useful tool for evaluating the impact of a development
intervention on gender relations.
Moser Gender Analysis Framework (contd….)
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
The triple role concept is useful in revealing the wide
range of work that women engage in.
Furthermore it alerts planners to the interrelationship
between productive, reproductive and community
roles.
Elements of the Framework


Establishing “gender planning” as a type of planning in its
own right.
Incorporates three concepts:




women’s triple role
practical and strategic gender needs
policy approach categories.
Questions the assumption that planning is a technical task –
gender planning is both technical and political; assumes
conflict in planning process; involves transformative
processes; and characterizes planning as debate.
What the Framework tells you



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Division of labor within the household and
community.
Needs relating to male-female subordination.
Gender differences in access to and control over
resources and decision-making.
Degree to which policies, programs and projects
address practical and strategic gender needs.
Moser Gender Analysis Framework (contd….)
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

Using the three categories of reproductive, productive
and community-management activities, map the gender
division of labor by asking “who does what?” for
activities in each.
Using three categories helps highlight community
management work that may often be ignored or
overlooked in economic analysis.
Use a matrix similar to the Activity Profile in the
Harvard analytical framework but ensure that the three
categories of productive, reproductive and community
work are included.
Gender Analysis Matrix
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
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The tool uses participatory methodology to facilitate the
definition and analysis of gender issues by the communities
that are affected by them.
Using the Gender Analysis Matrix will provide a unique
articulation of issues as well as develop gender analysis
capacity from the grassroots level up.
All requisite knowledge for gender analysis exists among
the people whose lives are the subject of the analysis
Gender analysis does not require the technical expertise of
those outside the community being analyzed, except as
facilitators
Gender analysis cannot be transformative unless the
analysis is done by the people being analyzed.
Gender Analysis Matrix

•
•
Developed by Rani Parker (1993)
Provides a community
identification and analysis
based
technique
for
Initiates a process of analysis that identifies and
challenges gender roles within the community in a
constructive manner.
Aim of the GAM

•
•
•
To find out the different impacts of development
interventions on women and men by providing a
community-based technique for the identification and
analysis of gender differences
At the planning stage →determine potential gender
effects
At the design stage → gender considerations may
change the design
During monitoring stage →address broader program
impacts
Gender Analysis Matrix (contd…


Secondly, it assists the community to identify and
challenge their assumptions about gender roles in a
constructive manner..
Can be transformative if done by community

No need for experts except as facilitators

People are the subject of analysis
Gender Analysis Matrix
The analysis is conducted at four levels
(contd…
women, men, household and community.

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

of society,
The GAM
examines impact on four areas: labour, time, resources
and socio-cultural factors.
It is simple, systematic and uses familiar concepts. It
encourages “bottom-up analysis” through community
participation.
It is transformatory and technical in its approach,
combining awareness-raising about gender inequalities
with development of practical skills. It includes men as a
category and therefore can be used in interventions that
target men.
Women Equality and Empowerment
framework
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



Developed by Sara Longwe for UNICEF and is an
amplification of the Caroline Moser’s Framework.
It encourages users of the framework to examine
what is meant by empowerment.
The Longwe Framework shares some common
ground with the Moser Framework’s concept of
practical and strategic gender needs.
However, Longwe moves beyond the notion of
separate needs to show in the framework that
development intervention can contain both
Which gender frameworks is best addressing male gender identity and
roles?
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


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Ordinarily, gender-analysis frameworks do not tend to be
used to plan interventions, which target men or boys.
However, a gender analysis should take place for all
interventions, because they all have potential impact on
gender relations and therefore on both sexes
Also understanding gender relations is critical to
understanding possibilities and constraints for working with
men only
There is an increasing awareness that gender identity crosscuts other identity issues, including race and class, to affect
men’s and women’s roles in the gender division of labour.
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Contd….



Most of the gender frameworks– look at the gender
roles and relations of both women and men, and so
could be used for projects, which target men
The Moser Framework looks at the strategic gender
needs of women only, but its adapted includes men as
well, and can also be used with projects, which address
male gender.
Gender Analysis Matrix (GAM) includes men as one of
its four categories of analysis and can therefore be
used for projects, which target men
“
Gender is between your ears and not between your legs
Chaz Bono