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Art Review Pre-Renaissance Emphasis on religion Symbolism over realism Emphasis on class (usually nobility or significant religious figures, few common people) Lack of individualism in people (crowds look the same) Unsigned (lack of ambition for personal recognition) Lack of perspective and realistic depiction of space Art and architecture considered part of same study The Saints Presentation of the Virgin by Giotto Renaissance Philosophy of humanism Realism achieved through new techniques Balance and symmetry Classical references Realistic depiction of nature Individualism, individuality Secular life scenes showing prosperity and/or achievement Celebration of youth The Arnolfini Wedding (1434) by Jan Van Eyck Note: Northern Renaissance The School of Athens by Raphael Portrait of Pope Julius II, 1512 by Raphael The Pieta (St. Peter’s Basilica) by Michelangelo Baroque Dramatic portrayal of the subject Tension and conflict on a heroic often tragic scale Use of light and dark for emphasis Grandiose expression Emphasis on large overstatement Passion, mystery, awe, activity Rembrandt: The Night Watch Las Meninas by Diego Velasquez Peter Paul Rubens: Christ on the Cross Bernini: The Ecstasy of St. Theresa Neo-Classicism Classicism and Classical references from ancient Greece and Rome and the Renaissance Reaction to Baroque and Rococco’s emotion, extravagance, and detail Strict adherence to formula and order Harmony, rationality, regularity, balance and symmetry Objectivity: Lack of emotional involvement with the subject Interest in science and knowledge Oath of the Horatii by David The First Consul Crosses the Alps by David Ingres: Napoleon on His Throne Romanticism Emotionalism, strong feelings Anti-rationalism, no fixed rules Neo-gothicism, strange and unusual Nationalism Idealization of nature Reacted to industrialism: Fascinated with change and new inventions; Hated destruction of nature and treatment of workers Individual expression: individual judgement means there is a great deal of variety in style 3rd of May, 1808 by Goya The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Last Berth by Joseph Turner Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People Friedrich: Moon Rising over the Sea Realism and Naturalism Realistic portrayal of subjects Choice of scenes from everyday life Negative comments on developments and changes brought by industrialism Emphasis on common people Concern for social reform Courbet, The Stone Breakers Daumier, The Third Class Carriage Impressionism Reaction to the effects of photography on painting as the record of realism Short quick strokes of brilliant color Ever-changing view of nature and life Everyday scenes of people Photography has released the artist from the depiction of realism for the first time since the Renaissance Impression: Sunrise by Claude Monet The Dance Class by Edgar Degas Boulevard Montmartre by Pisarro The Little Girl With a Watering Can by Pierre Auguste Renoir Post-Impressionism Extension of impressionism Exaggerates the individual views of the artist even more than impressionism Obviously away from realism because of photography Paul Gauguin: Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh Mont Sainte-Victoire by Paul Cezanne Expressionism Attempt to present an emotional experience in its most compelling form Not concerned with reality as it appears but with an inner nature and with the emotions aroused by the subject Subject is frequently caricatured, exaggerated, distorted or otherwise altered to stress the emotional experience in intense, concentrated form The Cry or The Scream by Edvard Munch Autumn Sea VII by Emil Nolde The Flare by Otto Dix Modern Movements Great Variety, no unified style Aware of, copy, and/or imitate any and all previous styles International (Non-European) Influences New Materials Aware of photography as competitor Modern Movements Cubism Dada Surrealism Abstract Expressionism Photo Realism or UltraRealism Op Art Pop Art Cubism Seeks to show everyday objects as the mind, not the eye, perceives them from all sides at once. It acknowledges that a painting is a threedimensional scene depicted on a two-dimensional surface. Three Musicians by Pablo Picasso Man With A Guitar by Georges Braque Nude Descending a Staircase by Marcel Duchamp Guernica by Pablo Picasso Dadaism Considered art as absurd because life was absurd as shown in the Great War Attacked conventional standards of aesthetics and behavior and stressed absurdity and the role of the unpredictable in artistic creation Became the basis of surrealism L.H.O.O.Q. by Marcel Duchamp Mechanical Head or The Spirit of Our Time by Raoul Hausmann Surrealism Strongly influenced by Freudian psychology Expression of imagination as revealed in dreams, free of the conscious control of reason and free of convention. Fantastic or incongruous imagery or effects by unnatural combinations of real objects Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening by Salvador Dali Persistence of Memory by Dali The Temptation of St. Anthony by Salvador Dali Golconde by René Magritte Abstract Expressionism Emphasizing especially the artist's personal freedom to show attitudes and emotions through nontraditional and usually nonrepresentational (abstract) means Totally unconcerned with realism; Emphasized the artist’s individual reflection and depiction Improvisation Flood by Vasily Kandinsky Eyes in the Heat by Jackson Pollock Flamingo by Alexander Calder Photo Realism or Ultra-Realism The intentional attempt to create a photographically real image through a nonphotographic medium Nighthawks by Edward Hopper Sundaes Shakes by Ralph Goings Diner by Richard Estes Op Art “Optical Art” Nonobjective art characterized by the use of straight or curved lines or geometric patterns often for an illusory effect (as to create a sense of motion) Drawing Hands by M. C. Escher Current by Current Bridget by Riley Bridget Riley Gershon Elber Pop Art commonplace objects ( such as road signs, hamburgers, comic strips, or soup cans) are used as subject matter and are often physically incorporated into the work 100 Campbell Soup Cans by Andy Warhol Whaam! by Roy Lichtenstein Floor-Burger by Claes Oldenburg Italian Renaissance Il Duomo: designed by Brunelleschi, Florence Renaissance Il Tempietto (the Little Temple) by Bramante Baroque: The Palace of Versailles Neo-Classical: Church of the Madeline Romanticist: Paris Opera House What is it?? La Sagrada Familia Basilica in Barcelona, Spain Guggenheim Museum, New York by Frank Lloyd Wright Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, designed by Frank Gehry
