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WESTFALL SCHOOLS
2017 PAVEMENT IMPROVEMENTS
SECTION 312000 - -EARTH MOVING
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01
1.02
SUMMARY
A.
Section Includes:
1. Building excavations.
2. Building perimeter backfilling to subgrade elevations.
3. Fill under slabs-on-grade, footings, and foundations.
4. Compaction requirements.
B.
Related Sections:
1. Section 01 40 00 - Quality Requirements
2. Section 31 10 00 - Site Clearing
3. Section 31 25 00 - Erosion & Sediment Controls
4. Section 31 22 13 - Rough Grading
5. Section 32 91 19 - Landscape Grading
6. Section 32 92 19 - Seeding
7. Division 22 - Plumbing
8. Division 26 - Electrical
C.
Work Excluded:
Do excavation, trenching, backfilling, and compacting incidental to underground installations of
Division 22 and 26 Work by appropriate trade. Coordinate such work with Work of this Section.
RELATED DOCUMENTS
A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and
Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this Section.
B.
1.03
Specifications throughout all Divisions of the Project Manual are directly applicable to this Section, and
this Section is directly applicable to them.
REFERENCE STANDARDS
A. The latest published edition of a reference shall be applicable to this Project unless identified by a specific
edition date.
1.04
B.
All reference amendments adopted prior to the effective date of this Contract shall be applicable to this
Project.
C.
All materials, installation and workmanship shall comply with all applicable requirements and standards.
DEFINITIONS
A. Borrow: Borrow excavation shall consist of approved select fill material imported from off-site when
sufficient approved select fill material is not available from excavations.
B.
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Clearing: Clearing shall consist in the felling, cutting up, and satisfactory disposal of trees and other
vegetation designated for removal in accordance with these specifications.
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C.
Excavation consists of removal of material encountered to subgrade elevations indicated and subsequent
disposal of materials removed.
D. Fill (in terms of volume): In terms of volume, fill is defined as a compacted post-construction volume inplace.
E.
Grubbing: Grubbing shall consist of the removal of roots 1 ½ inch and larger, organic matter and debris,
and stumps having a diameter of three inches or larger, to a depth of at least 18 inches below the surface
and or subgrade; whichever is lower, and the disposal thereof.
F.
Base Course: The layer placed between the subgrade and surface pavement in a paving system.
G. Regular Excavation: Removal and disposal of any and all material above subgrade elevation, except solid
rock and undercut excavation, located within the limits of construction.
H. Rock Excavation: Removal and satisfactory disposal of all unsuitable materials, which, in the opinion of
the A/E, cannot be excavated except by drilling, blasting, wedging, jack hammering or hoe ramming. It
shall consist of un-decomposed stone, hard enough to ring under hammer. All boulders containing a
volume of more than ½ cubic yard and/or solid ledges, bedded deposits, un-stratified masses and
conglomerations of material so firmly cemented as to possess the characteristics of solid rock which cannot
be removed without systematic drilling, blasting, or hoe ramming will be classified as rock.
I.
Drainage Fill: Course of washed granular material supporting slab on grade placed to cut off upward
capillary flow of pore water.
J.
Unauthorized excavation consists of removal of materials beyond indicated subgrade elevations or
dimensions without specific direction of Owner. Unauthorized excavation, as well as remedial work
directed by Owner, shall be at Contractor's expense.
1.
Under footings, foundation bases, or retaining walls, fill unauthorized excavation by extending
indicated bottom elevation of footing or base to excavation bottom, without altering required top
elevation. Lean concrete fill may be used to bring elevations to proper position, when acceptable to
Owner.
2.
In locations other than those above, backfill and compact unauthorized excavations as specified for
authorized excavations of same classification, unless otherwise directed by Owner.
K.
Select Fill Material: Non-plastic material obtained from roadway cuts, borrow areas, or commercial sources
used as foundation for subgrade, shoulder surfacing, fill, backfill, or other specific purposes.
L.
Engineered Fill: Select fill as defined above.
M. Structures: Incidental buildings, footings, foundations, retaining walls, slabs, tanks, curbs, mechanical and
electrical appurtenances, or other man-made stationary features constructed above or below the ground
surface.
N. Topsoil: Topsoil shall consist of friable clay loam, free from roots, stones, and other undesirable material
and shall be capable of supporting a good growth of grass.
O. Undercut Excavation: Undercut excavation shall consist of the removal and satisfactory disposal of all
unsuitable material located below subgrade elevation. Where excavation to the finished grade section
results in a subgrade or slopes of muck, peat, matted roots or other unsuitable materials, the Contractor
shall immediately notify the A/E.
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P.
Additional Excavation: When excavation has reached required subgrade elevations, notify Owner, who will
make an inspection of conditions. If Owner determines that bearing materials at required subgrade
elevations are unsuitable, continue excavation until suitable bearing materials are encountered and replace
excavated material as directed by Owner. The Contract Sum may be adjusted by an appropriate Contract
Modification.
1.
Removal of unsuitable material and its replacement as directed will be paid on basis of Conditions of
the Contract relative to changes in work.
Q. Subgrade: The undisturbed earth or the compacted soil layer immediately below granular base, drainage
fill, or topsoil materials.
1.05
SUBMITTALS
A. Material Test Reports: Provide from a qualified testing agency test results and interpretation for
compliance of the following requirements indicated:
1.06
1.
Classification according ASTM D2487 of each on-site or borrow soil proposed for backfill, unless
otherwise directed by the A/E.
2.
Laboratory compaction curve according to ASTM D698 for each on-site or borrow soil material
proposed for fill or backfill.
3.
Laboratory analysis reports indicating compliance with ODOT gradation and physical properties
specifications for all granular materials including bedding, backfill and pavement base.
4.
Field Test Results for each test group as required in item 3.18 of this specification.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Geotechnical Testing Agency Qualifications: An independent testing agency qualified according to
ASTM E 329 to conduct soil materials and rock-definition testing as documented according to ASTM
D 3740 and ASTM E 548. Comply with all codes, laws, ordinances, and regulations of governmental
authorities having jurisdiction over this part of the work.
B. The Contractor shall comply with the latest revision of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards
for the Construction Industry.
C. Materials and operations shall comply with the latest revision of the Codes and Standards listed below:
Ohio Department of Transportation
ODOT-CMS Construction and Materials Specifications, Current Edition
American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM C 33
Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C 136
Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates Sieve Analysis
of Fine and Coarse Aggregate
ASTM D 422
Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (for classification purposes
only)
ASTM D 698
Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort
3
ASTM D 1556
ASTM D 1557
(12,400 ft-lbf/ft ) (Standard Proctor)
Standard Method of Test for Density of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method
Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort
ASTM D1883
(56,000 ft-lbf/ft ) (Modified Proctor)
Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted
3
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ASTM D 2049
ASTM D2167
ASTM D 2487
ASTM D 2922
ASTM D 4253
ASTM D 4254
ASTM D 4318
Soils
Standard Method of Test for Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils
Standard Method of Test for Density of Soil in Place by the Rubber-Balloon Method
Standard Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification
System)
Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods
(Shallow Depth)
Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a
Vibratory Table
Test Method for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of
Relative Density
Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials
AASHTO T 99 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils using a 5.5-pound hammer and a 12-inch drop
AASHTO T 180 The Moisture Density Relations of Soils using a 10-pound hammer and an 18-inch drop
ASHTO M 145 The Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction
1.07
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS
ANSI
MSDS
OSHA
ODOT
1.08
American National Standards Institute
Material Safety Data Sheets
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Ohio Department of Transportation
TESTING SERVICES
A. The Testing Laboratory shall be approved by the A/E and will be responsible for conducting and
interpreting tests. The Testing Laboratory shall state in each report whether or not the test specimens
conform to all requirements of the Contract Documents and specifically note any deviation.
B.
1.09
Specific test and inspection requirements shall be as specified herein.
PROJECT CONDITIONS
A. Site Information: Data in subsurface investigation reports was used for the basis of the design and are
available to the Contractor for information only. Conditions are not intended as representations or
warranties of accuracy or continuity between soil borings. The Owner will not be responsible for
interpretations or conclusions drawn from this data by Contractor.
1.
B.
Existing Utilities: The contractor shall contact the Ohio Utilities Protection Service, the Owner of the
Utility, and Locate existing underground utilities in areas of excavation work. If utilities are indicated to
remain in place, provide adequate means of support and protection during earthwork operations.
1.
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Additional test borings and other exploratory operations may be performed by Contractor, at the
Contractor's option; however, no change in the Contract Sum will be authorized for such additional
exploration.
Should uncharted, or incorrectly charted, piping or other utilities be encountered during excavation,
consult utility Owner immediately for directions. Cooperate with Owner and utility companies in
keeping respective services and facilities in operation. Repair damaged utilities to satisfaction of
utility Owner.
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2.
Do not interrupt existing utilities serving facilities occupied by Owner or others, during occupied
hours, except when permitted in writing by Owner and then only after acceptable temporary utility
services have been provided.
a.
3.
C.
Provide minimum of 48 hour notice to Owner, and receive written notice to proceed before
interrupting any utility.
Demolish and completely remove from Site existing underground utilities indicated to be removed.
Coordinate with utility companies for shutoff of services if lines are active.
The use of explosives is not permitted.
D. Barricade open excavations occurring as part of this work and post with warning lights.
E.
F.
1.10
1.
Operate warning lights as recommended by authorities having jurisdiction.
2.
Protect structures, utilities, sidewalks, pavements, and other facilities from damage caused by
settlement, lateral movement, undermining, washout, and other hazards created by earthwork
operations.
3.
Perform excavation by hand within dripline of large trees to remain. Protect root systems from
damage or dryout to the greatest extent possible. Maintain moist condition for root system and cover
exposed roots with moistened burlap.
Geotechnical Investigation
1.
Where a Geotechnical report has been provided to the Contractor, the data on sub-surface soil
conditions is not intended as a representation or warranty of the continuity of such conditions between
borings or indicated sampling locations. It shall be expressly understood that the Owner will not be
responsible for any interpretations or conclusions drawn there from by the Contractor. Data is made
available for the convenience of the Contractor.
2.
In addition to any report that may be made available to the Contractor, the Contractor is responsible for
performing any other soil investigations he/they feel(s) is necessary for proper evaluation of the site for
the purposes of planning and/or bidding the project, at no additional cost to the Owner.
Environmental: Before crossing or entering into any jurisdictional wetlands, Contractor shall verify
whether or not a wetlands permit has been obtained for the encroachment and whether special restrictions
have been imposed. Care shall be taken to prevent draining or otherwise destroying non-permitted
wetlands. Restore as stated on either the project drawings, the contract documents, and/or as noted in the
permit.
COORDINATION
A. Coordinate tie-ins to municipal system with the utility owner.
B. When traffic signals or their appurtenances are likely to be damaged or interfered with as a result of the
construction, coordinate temporary operation with the Local Traffic Engineer. Provide a minimum of
48 hours notice prior to anticipated disturbance or interruption.
C. Benchmark/Monument Protection: Protect and maintain benchmarks, monuments or other established
reference points and property corners. If disturbed or destroyed, replace at own expense to full
satisfaction of Owner/Jefferson County.
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PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.01
GENERAL
A. All materials shall meet or exceed all applicable referenced standards, federal, state and local requirements,
and conform to codes and ordinances of authorities having jurisdiction.
2.02
SOIL MATERIALS
A. Provide approved borrow soil materials from off Site when sufficient approved soil materials are not
available from excavations. The contractor shall make their own determination regarding the need to bring
in fill or haul off excess material and provide fill or haul-off at no additional cost to the owner.
B.
Satisfactory Soil Materials: ASTM D 2487 soil classification groups (Unified Classification System) GW,
GP, GM, SW, SP, and SM; free of rock or gravel larger than 2 inches in any dimension, debris, waste,
frozen materials, vegetation and other deleterious matter.
C.
Unsatisfactory Soil Materials: ASTM D 2487 soil classification groups GC, SC, ML, MH, CL, CH, OL,
OH, and PT; soils that contain rock or gravel larger than 2 inches in any dimension, debris, organic matter,
waste, frozen materials, muck, roots, vegetation, and other deleterious matter. Unsatisfactory soils also
include satisfactory soils not maintained within 20-percent of optimum moisture content at time of
compaction, unless otherwise approved by either the A/E or a Geotechnical Engineer.
D. Select Fill Material: Sandy clay or clayey sand with a Plasticity Index of between 7 and 20, with a
minimum Liquid Limit of 30, with less than 50 percent by weight passing a No. 200 sieve, and free of rock
or gravel larger than 2 inches in any dimension, debris, waste, vegetable, or other deleterious matter.
E.
Bedding Material: Unless otherwise indicated; base materials with 100 percent passing a 1 inch sieve and
not more than 8 percent passing a No. 200 sieve.
F.
Drainage Fill: Uniformly graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, crushed stone, and natural sand,
conforming to the fine aggregate (Concrete Sand) requirements of ASTM C 33 (ODOT 703.02 Aggregate
for Portland Cement Concrete A. fine Aggregate), with 100 percent passing a ¼ inch sieve and 2 percent to
10 percent passing a No. 100 sieve.
G. Filtering Material: Uniformly graded mixture of natural or crushed gravel, or crushed stone and natural
sand conforming to ASTM C 33, Coarse Aggregate Size No. 67, with 100 percent passing a 1 inch sieve
and 0 percent to 5 percent passing a No. 8 sieve.
H. Impervious Fill: Lean clay with a Liquid Limit of less than 50 and capable of compacting to a dense
composite.
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I.
Cement Stabilized Sand Backfill Material: Uniformly graded mixture of natural or crushed stone, crushed
slag or natural or crushed sand conforming to the fine aggregate (Concrete Sand) requirements of ASTM C
33 with 100 percent passing a ¼ inch sieve and less than 15 percent passing a No. 200 sieve and not less
than 1½ sacks of portland cement conforming to ASTM C 150, Type 1 requirements per cu. yd. of mixture
and enough water free of deleterious materials to produce a mix suitable for mechanical hand compaction.
Stamp batch tickets at plant with time of loading. Material not compacted in place 1 1/2 hours after loading
or material which has taken an initial set will be rejected and shall be removed from the Project Site.
J.
Topsoil: Topsoil meeting the definition prescribed in paragraph 1.04 and meeting the requirements of
specification section SP 32 91 19 Landscape Grading obtained either from on-site or an off-site source.
K.
Rock Channel Protection, Riprap and Riprap Bedding: Per ODOT Item 601.
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2.03
ACCESSORIES
A. Detectable Warning Tape: Acid and alkali resistant polyethylene film warning tape manufactured for
marking and identifying underground utilities, 6 inches wide and 4 mils thick minimum, continuously
inscribed with a description of the utility, with metallic core encased in a protective jacket for corrosion
protection, detectable by metal detector when tape is buried up to thirty inches deep.
1.
Provide tape colors to utilities as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Red: Electric
Yellow: Gas, oil, steam, and dangerous materials
Orange: Telephone and other communications
Blue: Water systems
Green: Sewer systems
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01
GENERAL
A. Contractor shall plan construction to minimize disturbance to properties adjacent to the project site and
be within the construction limits shown on the plans.
B. The A/E reserves the right to limit the width of land to be disturbed and to designate on the drawings
or in the field certain areas or items within this width to be protected from damage.
C. The Contractor shall provide any grading or excavation required for equipment travel during the course
of construction as well as erosion control, access or haul road installation and removal, restoration,
seeding and ground cover.
D. The Contractor shall be responsible for damage to areas or items designated by the A/E to be protected.
Repairs to, replacement of, or reparations for areas or items damaged shall be made at the Contractor’s
expense and to the satisfaction of the A/E before acceptance of the completed project.
E. Any fences disturbed by the Contractor shall be repaired to a condition equal to or better than their
original condition or to the satisfaction of the A/E at no additional cost.
F. Contractor shall obtain written permission from property owners for use of any access other than ones
located within rights-of-way. Written permission shall contain conditions for use and restoration
agreements between property owner and Contractor. No additional compensation will be made for
such access.
G. All areas disturbed shall be restored to a condition equal to or better than their original condition and
shall be graded to drain.
H. The Contractor shall protect, replace or repair all damaged or destroyed property pins or other
monumentation.
3.02
PROTECTION OF EXISTING UTILITIES
A. Contractor is responsible for locating and protecting existing utilities.
B. If existing utilities are found to interfere with the permanent facilities being constructed under this
section, immediately notify the A/E and secure instructions. Do not proceed with permanent
relocation of utilities until instructions are received from the A/E.
3.03
TOPSOIL REMOVAL
A. Remove the existing topsoil to a depth of 6 inches or to the depth encountered from all areas in which
excavation will occur. The topsoil shall be stored in stockpiles, separate from the excavated material,
if the topsoil is to be re-spread. Otherwise material shall be disposed of off-site at the Contractor’s
expense.
B. The contractor shall employ erosion control methods per specification SP 31 25 00 Erosion &
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Sediment control for all stockpiled material.
3.04
INSTALLATION
A. Installation shall meet or exceed all applicable federal, state and local requirements, referenced standards
and conform to codes and ordinances of authorities having jurisdiction.
B.
3.05
All installation shall be in accordance with manufacturer’s published recommendations.
EXCAVATION
A. Excavation is unclassified and includes excavation to subgrade elevations indicated, regardless of character
of materials and obstructions encountered.
B.
Excavation shall be performed as indicated on the plans or as directed by the A/E to the lines, grades, and
elevations, and shall be finished to a reasonable smooth and uniform surface. During the process of
excavation, the grade shall be maintained and surface shall be rolled so that it will be well drained at all
times.
When solid rock is incurred in the excavation, the rock shall be removed to a minimum depth of 12
inches below the surface of the subgrade. Material unsatisfactory for subgrade foundation shall be
removed to a depth specified to provide a satisfactory foundation. The portion so excavated shall be
refilled with suitable material obtained from the grading operations or borrow area and thoroughly
compacted by rolling. Material obtained from on-site grading operations must be approved by the
A/E. For areas that do not require fill, scarify and compact to a depth of 6 inches.
Any removal, manipulation, aeration, replacement, and recompaction of suitable materials necessary to
obtain the required density shall be considered as incidental to the construction operations, and shall be
performed by the Contractor at no additional cost to the Owner.
No rock, stone, or rock fragments, larger than 2 inches in their greatest dimension will be permitted in
the top 12 inches of the subgrade. No rock, stone, or rock fragments larger than 8 inches in their
greatest dimension will be permitted in the remainder of the fill.
3.06
STABILITY OF EXCAVATIONS
A. Comply with OSHA, local codes, ordinances, and requirements of agencies having jurisdiction.
B.
Slope sides of excavations to comply with OSHA, local codes, ordinances, and requirements of agencies
having jurisdiction. Shore and brace where sloping is not possible because of space restrictions or stability
of material excavated. Maintain sides and slopes of excavations in safe condition until completion of
backfilling.
C.
Shoring and Bracing: Provide materials for shoring and bracing, such as sheet piling, uprights, stringers,
and cross braces, in good serviceable condition. Maintain shoring and bracing in excavations regardless of
time period excavations will be open. Extend shoring and bracing as excavation progresses.
1.
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Provide permanent steel sheet piling or pressure creosoted timber sheet piling wherever subsequent
removal of sheet piling might permit lateral movement of soil under adjacent structures. Cut off tops a
minimum of thirty inches below final grade and leave permanently in place.
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3.07
DEWATERING
A. Prevent surface water and subsurface or ground water from flowing into excavations and from flooding
Project Site and surrounding area. Provide erosion control methods for dewatering operations in
conformance with Specification SP 31 25 00 Erosion & Sediment Controls.
3.08
1.
Do not allow water to accumulate in excavations. Remove water to prevent softening of foundation
bottoms, undercutting footings, and soil changes detrimental to stability of subgrades and foundations.
Provide and maintain pumps, well points, sumps, suction and discharge lines, and other dewatering
system components necessary to convey water away from excavations.
2.
Establish and maintain temporary drainage ditches and other diversions outside excavation limits to
convey rain water and water removed from excavations to collecting or runoff areas. Do not use
trench excavations as temporary drainage ditches.
STORAGE OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS
A. Stockpile excavated materials acceptable for backfill and fill where directed. Place, grade, and shape
stockpiles for proper drainage. Provide erosion control measures as needed per specification SP 31 25 00
Erosion & Sediment Controls.
3.09
1.
Locate and retain soil materials away from edge of excavations. Do not store within drip line of trees
indicated to remain.
2.
Dispose of excess excavated soil material and materials not acceptable for use as backfill or fill.
EXCAVATION FOR STRUCTURES
A. Conform to elevations and dimensions shown within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.10 foot, and extending a
sufficient distance from footings and foundations to permit placing and removal of concrete formwork,
installation of services, and other construction and for inspection.
3.10
1.
Excavations for footings and foundations: Do not disturb bottom of excavation. Excavate by hand to
final grade just before concrete reinforcement is placed. Trim bottoms to required lines and grades to
leave solid base to receive other work.
2.
For pile foundations, stop excavations from 6 inches to 12 inches above bottom of footing before piles
are placed. After piles have been driven, remove loose and displaced material. Excavate to final
grade, leaving solid base to receive concrete pile caps.
3.
Excavation for Underground Tanks, Basins, and Mechanical or Electrical Structures: Conform to
elevations and dimensions indicated within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.10 foot; plus a sufficient
distance to permit placing and removal of concrete formwork, installation of services, and other
construction and for inspection. Do not disturb bottom of excavations, intended for bearing surface.
EXCAVATION FOR PAVEMENTS
A. Cut surface under pavements to comply with cross sections, elevations and grades as indicated.
B.
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Areas to be Paved: After all excavation, undercutting, and backfilling has been completed, the subgrade
shall be properly shaped and thoroughly compacted. The compactive effort shall include all areas beneath
pavement and shall extend at least a minimum of 1 foot beyond the paving/berm limits. Compaction shall
be in accordance with Table 31 20 00-1.
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C.
Curb and Gutter, Sidewalks and Driveway Aprons: The subgrade shall be constructed true to grade and
cross section as may be shown on the drawings. Compaction shall be in accordance with Table 31 20 00-1.
D. All subgrade shall be graded and protected as to prevent an accumulation or standing water, and consequent
subgrade saturation, in the event of rain.
E.
F.
3.11
Grading Tolerances of Finished Surface: Earthwork shall conform to the lines, grades, and typical cross
sections shown on the plans or as established by the A/E. Changes in grade shall be accomplished by
smooth curves.
1.
Shape subgrade under pavement and curb and gutter to within ½ inch of required subgrade elevations.
2.
Finish pavement and curb and gutter to within ½ inch of required finish elevations.
3.
Shape subgrade under sidewalks to within 0.10 foot of required subgrade elevations.
4.
Finish sidewalks to within 0.10 foot of required finish elevations.
Backfill of Curb and Gutter and Sidewalks: Immediately after the removal of forms for curb and gutter,
sidewalks and driveways, the space between the back of the curb, sidewalks, and driveways shall be
backfilled and smoothed off in a manner to prevent the accumulation of standing water.
TRENCH EXCAVATION FOR PIPES AND CONDUIT
A. Excavate trenches to uniform width, sufficiently wide to provide ample working room and a minimum of 6
and a maximum of 12 inches of clearance on both sides of pipe or conduit, unless otherwise specified on
the construction drawings.
B.
3.12
Excavate trenches and conduit to depth indicated or required to establish indicated slope and invert
elevations and to support bottom of pipe or conduit on undisturbed soil. Beyond building perimeter,
excavate trenches to allow installation of top of pipe below frost line.
1.
Where rock is encountered, carry excavation 6 inches below required elevation and backfill with a 6
inch layer of crushed stone or gravel prior to installation of pipe.
2.
For pipes or conduit less than 6 inches in nominal size, and for flat bottomed, multiple duct conduit
units, do not excavate beyond indicated depths. Hand excavate bottom cut to accurate elevations and
support pipe or conduit on undisturbed soil or specified bedding.
3.
For pipes and equipment 6 inches or larger in nominal size, shape bottom of trench to fit bottom of
pipe for 90 degrees (bottom 1/4 of the circumference). Fill depressions with specified backfill. At
each pipe joint, dig bell holes to relieve pipe bell of loads ensure continuous bearing of pipe barrel on
bearing surface.
EXCAVATING AND PLACING FOUNDATION DRAINAGE SYSTEM
A. Excavate for foundation drainage system after subgrade material has been compacted but before drainage
fill course has been placed. Provide a clear horizontal distance between drain pipe and trench wall on both
sides not less than 2 times the diameter of the drain pipe, unless otherwise shown. Grade the bottom of
trench excavations to required slope and compact to a firm, solid bed for drain system. Place and compact
impervious fill material to raise low areas or where unsatisfactory bearing soil may occur.
B.
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After concrete footings have been cured and forms removed, place impervious fill material on the subgrade
adjacent to the bottom of the footing. Place and compact impervious fill to the dimensions indicated or, if
not indicated, 6 inches deep and 12 inches wide.
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C.
1.
Place a supporting layer of drainage fill material over compacted subgrade where drainage pipe is to be
laid to the depth indicated or, if not indicated, to a compacted depth of not less than 3 inches, followed
by a 6 inch layer of compacted filtering material below pipe.
2.
Place sufficient width of filter fabric in trench to cover perimeter of drainage material plus overlap.
Place a supporting layer of drainage fill material over filter fabric where drainage pipe is to be laid to
the depth indicated or, if not indicated, to a compacted depth of not less than 2 inches.
Lay drain pipe solidly bedded in drainage fill material. Provide full bearing for each pipe section
throughout its length, to true grades and alignment, and continuous slope in the direction of flow.
1.
Lay perforated pipe with perforations down and joints tightly closed in accordance with pipe
manufacturer's recommendations. Provide collars and couplings as required.
2.
Provide recesses in the excavation bottom to receive bells for drain pipe having bell and spigot ends.
Lay pipe with bells facing up the slope with spigot end entered fully into adjacent bell. Seal joint in
accordance with local practices having jurisdiction.
D. Test or check lines before backfilling to assure free flow.
components, and retest system until satisfactory.
E.
F.
3.13
Remove obstructions, replace damaged
After testing of drain lines, place additional drainage fill material as follows:
1.
At exterior perimeter drainage system, completely cover drain lines to a width of at least 6 inches on
each side and 12 inches above top of pipe with material unless more coverage is indicated on the
Drawings. Place material in layers not exceeding 3 inches in loose depth and compact each layer
placed.
2.
At under slab drainage system, provide a minimum of 6 inches on top of drains and 12 inches around
sides of drains.
3.
Unless otherwise indicated, backfill exterior perimeter drainage system with drainage fill material over
filtering material to within 18 inches of indicated finished grade elevations.
4.
Place drainage fill material over underslab drainage system (maximum 6 inch lifts) and compact.
Apply impervious fill material over compacted drainage fill material at exterior perimeter drains, placing
the material in layers not exceeding 6 inches in loose depth and thoroughly compacting each layer. Carry
impervious fill to indicated finish elevations (except carry to 6 inches below finished grade where indicated
to receive topsoil) and slope away from building perimeter.
BACKFILL AND FILL
A. Place soil material in layers to required subgrade elevations, for each area classification listed below, using
materials specified in Part 2 of this Section unless indicated otherwise on the construction drawings.
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1.
Under grassed areas, use satisfactory excavated or borrow material.
2.
Under walks and pavements, use base material, satisfactory excavated or borrow material, or a
combination.
3.
Under steps, use base material.
4.
Under building slabs, use drainage fill material within 1’ under slab, use select fill deeper than 1’.
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5.
Under piping and conduit and equipment, use select fill materials where required over rock bearing
surface and for correction of unauthorized excavation. Shape excavation bottom to fit bottom 90
degrees of cylinder.
6.
Backfill trenches with concrete where trench excavations pass within 18 inches of column or wall
footings and that are carried below bottom of such footings or that pass under wall footings. Place
concrete to level of bottom of adjacent footing.
a.
3.14
Do not backfill trenches until tests and inspections have been made and backfilling is authorized
by Owner. Use care in backfilling to avoid damage or displacement of pipe systems.
B.
Install warning tape directly above utilities, 12 inches below finished grade, except 6 inches below
subgrade under pavements and slabs.
C.
Backfill excavations as promptly as work permits, but not until completion of the following:
1.
Acceptance of construction below finish grade including, where applicable, dampproofing,
waterproofing, and perimeter insulation.
2.
Inspection, testing, approval, and recording locations of underground utilities have been performed and
recorded.
3.
Removal of concrete formwork.
4.
Removal of shoring and bracing, and backfilling of voids with satisfactory materials. Cut off
temporary sheet piling driven below bottom of structures and remove in manner to prevent settlement
of the structure or utilities, or leave in place if required.
5.
Removal of trash and debris from excavation.
6.
Permanent or temporary horizontal bracing is in place on horizontally supported walls.
PLACEMENT AND COMPACTION
A. Ground Surface Preparation: Remove vegetation, debris, unsatisfactory soil materials, obstructions, and
deleterious materials from ground surface prior to placement of fills. Plow strip, or break up sloped
surfaces steeper than 1 vertical to 4 horizontal so that fill material will bond with existing surface.
1.
When existing ground surface has a density less than that specified under "Compaction" for particular
area classification, break up ground surface, pulverize, moisture condition to optimum moisture
content, and compact to required depth and percentage of maximum density.
B.
Place backfill and fill materials in layers not more than 8 inches in loose depth for material compacted by
heavy compaction equipment, and not more than 4 inches in loose depth for material compacted by hand
operated tampers.
C.
Before compaction, moisten or aerate each layer as necessary to provide optimum moisture content.
Compact each layer to required percentage of maximum dry density or relative dry density for each area
classification. Do not place backfill or fill material on surfaces that are muddy, frozen, or contain frost or
ice.
D. Place backfill and fill materials evenly adjacent to structures, piping, or conduit to required elevations.
Prevent wedging action of backfill against structures or displacement of piping or conduit by carrying
material uniformly around structure, piping, or conduit to approximately same elevation in each lift.
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E.
Minimum Compaction Requirements: Compaction percentages are percentages of maximum dry density as
determined by indicated ASTM Standards. Unless otherwise recommended by a Geotechnical Engineer
and authorized by the A/E, the material shall be placed at plus or minus 3% of optimum moisture content.
Table 31 20 00.1
Minimum Compaction Limits
Location
Beneath and within 5 feet of buildings
Density
98% of the maximum dry density by ASTM D 698
(Standard Proctor), AASHTO T-99
Areas under roadway pavement surfaces, shoulders,98% of the maximum dry density by ASTM D 698
sidewalks, and curb and gutter
(Standard Proctor), AASHTO T-99
Under turf, sodded, planted, landscaped, or seeded 95% of the maximum dry density by ASTM D 698,
non-traffic areas
(Standard Proctor) AASHTO T-99
1.
Compactive Efforts: If compaction efforts should fail to provide a stable subgrade, after subgrade
materials have been shaped and brought to optimum moisture, such unstable materials shall be
removed to the extent directed by either the Geotechnical Engineer or the A/E and replaced and
compacted using new select material.
2.
Moisture Control: Where subgrade or layer of soil material must be moisture conditioned before
compaction, uniformly apply water to surface of subgrade or layer of soil material. Apply water in
minimum quantity as necessary to prevent free water from appearing on surface during or subsequent
to compaction operations.
a.
b.
3.15
Remove and replace, or scarify and air dry, soil material that is too wet to permit compaction to
specified density.
Stockpile or spread soil material that has been removed because it is too wet to permit compaction.
Assist drying by discing, harrowing, or pulverizing until moisture content is reduced to a
satisfactory value.
GRADING
A. Uniformly grade areas within limits of grading under this section, including adjacent transition areas.
Smooth finished surface within specified tolerances, compact with uniform levels or slopes between points
where elevations are indicated or between such points and existing grades.
B.
C.
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Grading Outside Building Lines: Grade areas adjacent to building lines to drain away from building s
ntructures and to prevent ponding. Finish surfaces free from irregular surface changes and as follows:
1.
Lawn or Unpaved Areas: Finish areas to receive topsoil to within not more than 0.10 foot above or
below required subgrade elevations.
2.
Walks: Shape surface of areas under walks to line, grade, and cross section, with finish surface not
more than 0.10 foot above or below required subgrade elevation.
3.
Pavements: Shape surface of areas under pavement to line, grade, and cross section, with finish surface
not more than ½ inch above or below required subgrade elevation.
Grading Surface of Fill under Building Slabs: Grade smooth and even, free of voids, compacted as
specified, and to required elevation. Provide final grades within a tolerance of 1/2 inch when tested with a
10 foot straightedge.
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D. Compaction: After grading, compact subgrade surfaces to the depth and indicated percentage of maximum
or relative density for each area classification.
3.16
PAVEMENT BASE COURSE
A. Base course consists of placing base material, in layers of specified thickness, over subgrade surface to
support a pavement base course.
B.
During construction, maintain lines and grades including crown and cross slope.
C.
Place berms, shoulders, or extended base course as indicated on the construction drawings. Construct
shoulder subgrade of acceptable soil materials, placed in such quantity to compact to thickness of each
subgrade course layer. Compact and roll at least a 12 inch width of shoulder simultaneous with the
compaction and rolling of each layer of subgrade course.
D. Place base course material on prepared subgrade in layers of uniform thickness, conforming to indicated
cross section and thickness. Maintain optimum moisture content for compacting subgrade material during
placement operations.
3.17
BUILDING SLAB DRAINAGE COURSE
A. Drainage course consists of placement of drainage fill material, in layers of indicated thickness, over
subgrade surface to support concrete building slabs.
B.
Place drainage fill material on prepared subgrade in layers of uniform thickness, conforming to indicated
cross section and thickness. Maintain optimum moisture content for compacting material during placement
operations.
1.
3.18
When a compacted drainage course is indicated to be 6 inches thick or less, place material in a single
layer. When indicated to be more than 6 inches thick, place material in equal layers, except no single
layer more than 6 inches or less than 3 inches in thickness when compacted.
FIELD QUALITY CONTROL
A. Quality Control Testing During Construction: Allow testing service to inspect and approve each subgrade
and fill layer before further backfill or construction work is performed.
1.
Perform field in place density tests according to ASTM D 1556 (sand cone method), ASTM D 2167
(rubber balloon method), or ASTM D 2937 (drive cylinder method), as applicable.
a.
b.
B.
Field in place density tests may also be performed by the nuclear method according to ASTM D
2922, provided that calibration curves are periodically checked and adjusted to correlate to tests
performed using ASTM D 1556. With each density calibration check, check the calibration curves
furnished with the moisture gages according to ASTM D 3017.
When field in place density tests are performed using nuclear methods, make calibration checks of
both density and moisture gages at beginning of work, on each different type of material
encountered, and at intervals as directed by the Owner.
Minimum Compaction Testing Frequency: A test group shall consist of compaction tests on each layer of
fill and backfill material. One (1) test group shall be performed and summarized written results provided at
the frequencies and locations as follows:
Location:
Buildings and structures
Roads, Drives
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Frequency:
Every 5,000 square feet.
Every 300 feet of road, drive
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Parking Lots
Unpaved Areas
Pipe Trench
C.
Every 10,000 square feet of pavement
Every 20,000 square feet
Every 300 feet of trench
1.
In the absence of a pre-construction Geotechnical investigation, the Geotechnical testing firm is to
perform laboratory Proctor tests to establish a moisture-density relationship for all materials that are
proposed to be used as fill.
2.
Contractor shall give a 24-hour notice to Geotechnical testing firm when ready for Proctor,
compaction, or subgrade testing and inspection.
3.
Should any moisture-density test fail to meet specification requirements, the Contractor shall perform
corrective work necessary to bring the material in compliance and retest the failed area at no additional
cost to the Owner.
Footing Subgrade: At footing subgrades, perform at least one test of each soil stratum to verify design
bearing capacities. Subsequent verification and approval of other footing subgrades may be based on a
visual comparison of each subgrade with related tested strata when acceptable to the Owner.
D. When testing agency reports that subgrades, fills, or backfills are below specified density, scarify and
moisten or aerate, or remove and replace soil to the depth required, recompact and retest until required
density is obtained.
3.19
EROSION CONTROL
A. Provide erosion control methods in accordance with requirements of authorities having jurisdiction.
B.
3.20
The Contractor shall comply with the requirements of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
Construction Stormwater General Permit (OHC00003), the Ohio Department of Natural Resources “Ohio’s
Standards for Storm Water Management, Land Development and Urban Stream Protection”, and the
County Soil and Water Conservation District; latest revision.
MAINTENANCE
A. Protect newly graded areas from traffic and erosion. Keep free of trash and debris.
3.21
B.
Repair and reestablish grades in settled, eroded, and rutted areas to specified tolerances.
C.
Where completed compacted areas are disturbed by subsequent construction operations or adverse weather,
scarify surface, reshape, and compact to required density prior to further construction.
D.
Where settling is measurable or observable at excavated areas during general Project warranty period,
remove surface (pavement, lawn, or other finish), add backfill material, compact, and replace surface
treatment. Restore appearance, quality, and condition of surface or finish to match adjacent work, and
eliminate evidence of restoration to greatest extent possible.
DISPOSAL OF EXCESS AND WASTE MATERIALS
A. Removal to Designated Areas on Owner's Property: Transport acceptable excess excavated material to
designated soil storage areas on Owner's property. Stockpile soil or spread as directed by Owner.
1.
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Transport waste material, including unacceptable excavated material, trash, and debris to designated
spoil areas on Owner's property and dispose of as directed.
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B.
Removal from Owner's Property: Remove waste materials, including unacceptable excavated material,
trash, and debris, and dispose of it off Owner's property.
1.
Remove excess excavated material, trash, debris, and waste materials and dispose of it off Owner's
property.
END OF SECTION SP 31 01 00
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