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Unit 14
Electronics
Start up
A. Discuss the following questions
1. What is at the heart of the twenty-first century technology?
2. What does all electronics depend on?
Vocabulary:
A. Learn the following words
electronics [ɪˌlek'trɔnɪks], [ˌelek'trɔnɪks] - электроника, электронное оборудование
electronic circuit ['sɜːkɪt] - электронная цепь, электронная схема
logic circuit - логическая схема
collector-emitter circuit - цепь коллектор-эмиттер
base-emitter circuit - эмиттерная цепь
low voltage ['vəultɪʤ ], ['vɔltɪʤ] - низкое напряжение
current ['kʌr(ə)nt ]; ['kɜːr(ə)nt] - электроток, электрический ток
low current - малое потребление тока
alternating current ['ɔːltəneɪtɪŋ] - переменный ток
amplifier ['æmplɪfaɪə] - усилитель
to amplify ['æmplɪfaɪ] - усиливать (электрический сигнал)
operational amplifier - операционный усилитель
capacitor [kə'pæsɪtə] - конденсатор
diod ['daɪəud] - диод
base-emitter diode - эмиттерный переход
light-emitting diode [laɪt[ɪ'mɪtɪŋ] - светодиод, светоизлучающий диод
resistor [rɪ'zɪstə] - резистор, проволочный резистор
fixed resistor - постоянный резистор; резистор с постоянным
сопротивлением
thermistor [θəː'mɪstə] - терморезистор, термосопротивление
relay ['riːleɪ], [riː'leɪ] - реле; переключатель
transistor [træn'zɪstə] - транзистор
npn / (npn) / negative-positive-negative transistor - n-p-n-структура (транзистора)
npn junction transistor - схема подключения транзистора
logic gate - логический элемент; логический вентиль
NAND gate - логический элемент И-НЕ
AND gate - логический элемент И
OR gate - логический элемент ИЛИ
nor gate - логический элемент ИЛИ-НЕ
potentiometer [pəˌtenʃɪ'ɔmɪtə] - переменный резистор
switch [swɪʧ] - переключатель и выключатель
single-pole switch - однополюсный выключатель
single-throw switch - переключатель на одно направление
single-pole single-throw switch - однополюсный выключатель
bit/binary digit ['baɪnərɪ 'dɪʤɪt] - бит
milliamperemeter - миллиамперметр
capacitor [kə'pæsɪtə] - конденсатор
memory chip ['mem(ə)rɪ] - микросхема памяти, кристалл памяти
to earth [ɜːθ] - заземлять
inverter [ɪn'vɜːtə] - инвертер, обратный преобразователь
probe [prəub] - щуп, пробник
logic probe - логический пробник, логический щуп
to conduct [kən'dʌkt] - проводить (ток, тепло)
moisture ['mɔɪsʧə] - влажность, сырость
damp [dæmp] - влажный, сырой, запотевший
a buzzer ['bʌzə] - устройство звуковой сигнализации, зуммер, пищалка
to flow [fləu] - течь; протекать
to activate ['æktɪveɪt] - активизировать; приводить в действие, включать
to pass through (smth) [pɑːs] [θruː] - проходить сквозь что-либо
to actuate ['ækʧueɪt] - приводить в действие
to adjust [ə'ʤʌst] - регулировать, устанавливать, настраивать
to detect [dɪ'tekt] - обнаруживать, распознавать
to discharge [dɪs'ʧɑːʤ] - разряжать
to energize ['enəʤaɪz] - подавать питание, включать ток
to generate ['ʤen(ə)reɪt] - выдавать, вырабатывать (энергию и т.п.), генерировать
to induce [ɪn'djuːs] - индуцировать, вызывать, вынуждать, наводить (заряд, ток)
pulse [pʌls] - импульс, пульсация
to modulate in frequency ['mɔdjuleɪt] ['friːkwən(t)sɪ] - модулировать по частоте
to produce ['prɔdjuːs] - производить, порождать, синтезировать; выводить
oscillator ['ɔsɪleɪtə] - генератор (колебаний), осциллятор
to prevent [prɪ'vent] - предохранять, предотвращать, предупреждать, не допускать
sparking [spɑːkɪŋ] - искрение
there is sparking at the contact - контакт искрит
to trigger ['trɪgə] - приводить в действие
warning device ['wɔːnɪŋ dɪ'vaɪs] - сигнальное устройство, устройство сигнализации
B. Match the words and phrases (1-10) with their Russian equivalents (a-j):
1. sparking
2. produce
3. to generate
4. to conduct
5. to actuate
6. to energize
7. probe
8. to adjust
9. capacitor
10. light-emitting diode
a. проводить ток
b. контактный датчик
c. настраивать
d. искрение
e. производить
f. вырабатывать энергию
g. конденсатор
h. светодиод
i. подавать питание
j. приводить в действие
C. Give the Russian equivalents for the following English words and phrases:
sparking at the contact, warning, to discharge, to pass through, probe, electronic circuit , to adjust, to trigger ,
capacitor, pulse , a buzzer, single-pole switch, to detect, to conduct, low voltage, relay, light-emitting diode, resistor,
amplifier, to earth, thermistor, light-emitting diode
D. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases:
обнаруживать, светодиод, низкое напряжение, контакт искрит, конденсатор, резистор, сигнальное устройство,
реле, импульс, разряжать, проходить сквозь что-либо, контактный датчик, электронная цепь, настраивать,
заземлять, приводить в действие, зуммер, однополюсный выключатель, проводить ток, терморезистор,
светодиод
Reading
Text 1
A. Read the Text
Electronics
Electronics is a branch of engineering and physics. It deals with the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons
for
the
generation,
transmission,
reception,
and
storage
of
information.
This
information can be audio signals in a radio, images (video signals) on a television screen, or numbers and other data
in a computer. Electronic systems are important in communication, entertainment, and control systems.
Electronic circuits consist of interconnections of electronic components, at the heart of which are semiconductors.
Transistors, which are made of silicon or germanium, are made from semiconductors. Commercial products range
from cellular radiotelephone systems and video cassette recorders to high-performance supercomputers and
sophisticated weapons systems. In industry, electronic devices have led to dramatic improvements in productivity and
quality. For example, computer-aided design tools facilitate the design of complex parts, such as aircraft wings, or
intricate structures, such as integrated circuits.
The development of microelectronics has had a major impact on the electronics industry. Electronic components
are expected to deliver ever higher performance, while electronic circuits continue to benefit from miniaturization.
Electronics industry creates, designs, produces, and sells devices such as radios, televisions, stereos, video
games, and computers, and components such as semiconductors, transistors, and integrated circuits. In the second
half of the 20th century, this industry had two major influences. Firstly it transformed our lives in factories, offices, and
homes; secondly it emerged as a key economic sector. Specific advances include: the development of space
technology and satellite communications the revolution in the computer industry that led to the personal computer the
introduction of computer-guided robots in factories systems for storing and transmitting data electronically radio
systems to automobiles, ships, and other vehicles navigation aids for aircraft, automatic pilots, altimeters, and radar
for traffic control
The applications of electronic engineering cover almost every aspect of modern life; the industry involves a wide
range of tasks.
Applications of electronic engineering: aerospace • automotive • consumer goods • chemical • defence •
energy/power • environmental • imaging equipment • industrial automation • medical instrumentation • oil and gas •
pharmaceutical • pulp and paper • semiconductor • telecommunications • transportation
storage ['stɔːrɪʤ] – хранение
semiconductor – полупроводник
to be sophisticated [sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd] – быть изощренным, сложным
to facilitate [fə'sɪlɪteɪt] – облегчать
B. Answer these questions:
1. What does electronics deal with?
2. In what fields are electronic systems used?
3. What components do electronic circuits consist of?
4. What has had a major impact on the electronic industry?
5. What two major influences did the electronic industry have in the second half of the 20th
century?
B. Complete the text about electronics by choosing a word from the box:
diodes • semiconductor • electrons • devices • germanium • transistors •
integrated circuits • capacitors • silicon • integrated • resistors
Electronic circuits are built from basic components. (a) __________ are the most important components. They
can be used to amplify the strength of a signal by converting a weak signal into a stronger one or to switch other
circuits on or off. (b) _________ reduce the flow of (c) _______ through the circuit, adding resistance to that circuit,
(d)
_________ function as electronic valves allowing current to flow in only one direction, (e) _________ store
electricity in order to smooth the flow. They can be charged and discharged. The two most common capacitors are
ceramic and electrolytic. Most electronic devices use (f) _________________ (IC) or microchips. Inside an IC is a
very small piece of (g) _________ with circuits built in. Today, semiconductors are usually made of (h) ________
which is cheaper and easier to manufacture than (i) __________.
Researchers are constantly trying to reduce the size of transistors in order to reduce the size of (j).
Text 2
A. Reаd the text:
Rise of Kindle helps Amazon e-books sales surpass print titles
Amazon.com says it is selling more e-books for its Kindle electronic reading device than paperback and hardback
print editions combined, helping its book business to see its strongest growth in more than a decade.
The news that the online retailer has sold more than three times as many Kindle books so far this year as in the
previous year came as the Association of American Publishers reported that US e-book revenues had grown 146 per
cent in March over the same month a year earlier.
Amazon only released unit sales data rather than comparable revenue figures, and Kindle editions typically sell for
lower prices than print titles. However, the data suggest it may be extending its leading market share in e-books
following the release five weeks ago of a cut-price Kindle at $114 for customers willing to accept sponsored
screensavers and other advertising.
Publishers, who will gather in New York next week at the annual Book Expo America, believe Amazon and other ebook sellers are likely to benefit from trouble at Borders, the second-largest US bricks and mortar book retailer, if store
closures follow its decision to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
Growth in e-books was not enough to lift the whole US book industry, where sales for the year to date are down 2.5
per cent to $1.74bn.
However, the one exception was the religious books category which saw a 27.4 per cent jump in sales in March
after slower growth in January and February. The AAP had no immediate explanation for the increase.
In the UK, where Amazon launched its Kindle Store only a year ago, the company said it had sold 242 e-books for
every 100 hardbacks since April 1, even though it saw growth in hardback sales.
paperback – канига в бумажной обложке
hardback – книга в твердом переплете
revenue ['rev(ə)njuː] – доход, выручка, прибыль
to afflict [ə'flɪkt] – сокрушить, огорчить, поразить
closure ['kləuʒə] – закрытие
B. What sentences are true? Correct the false ones:
1. More e-books are sold than paperback and hardback print editions.
2. The online retailer has sold more than four times as many Kindle books so far this year as in
the same period the previous year.
3. Publishing believe that Amazon and other e-books sellers will benefit from the trouble Border,
brick-and-mortar book retailer, is facing now.
4. Growth in e-books was enough to lift the whole US book industry.
Discussion
A. Discuss these questions in small groups:
1. What electronic devices do you use?
2. In what way do electronic devices help you in your life? Give examples.
Revision
1. Speak on electronics and its influence on our life.
2. Dwell on the application of electronic engineering.