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Transcript
A Generation Wasted Global Food Crisis Increasing Emission from Transport Loss of Ocean Biodiversity Resistance to Lifesaving Medicine LOSS OF OCEAN BIODIVERSITY Uncontrolled seas – the majority of the high seas is common territory. Nobody owns it and nobody protects it. Three billion people depend on protein from fish, but global ocean biodiversity is suffering due to pollution from land and ocean activities. Three billion people depend on protein from fish. Marine and coastal biodiversity – ecosystems, species and genetic resources – provide enormous benefits for human well-being. Roughly 40 percent of the world’s population lives within 100 kilometres of the coast; fisheries employ approximately 200 million people, provide about 16 percent of the protein consumed worldwide and have an annual value estimated at 80 bn USD. Coastal ecosystems provide services, including tourism and protection from storms, valued at nearly 26 bn USD annually. Not only coastal ecosystems are important as oceans create half of the world’s oxygen, store 50 times more CO2 than our atmosphere and the deep ocean floor has one of the highest biodiversities on Earth. However, global marine ecosystems and their biodiversity are under threat due to: habitat destruction, overfishing and bycatch, hydrocarbon and mineral exploitation, marine litter and toxic chemicals, nutrient pollution, and increased CO2 emissions leading to warming waters and acidification – all a result of human mismanagement and lack of political will. The marine Living Planet Index, an indicator of the state of global biological biodiversity, shows a decline of 39 percent between 1970 and 2010. Coral reefs, the world’s most diverse marine ecosystem, are projected to disappear by 2050, illustrating the profound changes that are likely as we continue to warm and acidify the ocean. 2 Global Opportunity Report Habitat destruction has the biggest effect on biodiversity loss. Unsustainable use of the Oceans resources like destructive fishing techniques, activities in the oil and gas sector and emerging industries like deep-sea mining possess large risks on to habitat. For coastal habitats residential development, tourism, aquafarming, industrial development, and dams all have huge impacts. In 2011, around 29 percent of marine fish stocks were estimated to be fished at a biologically unsustainable level and, therefore, overfished. Unless catches are reduced and fisheries better managed in the future, fish stocks will decline. Because water is such an effective solvent, much of the toxic pollution that humankind generates eventually ends up in the ocean, in fact over 80 percent of marine pollution coming from land-based activities. In addition estimates show that more than one hundred million tonnes of plastic might have ended up in the oceans since 1950. Nutrient pollution is the process where too many nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, are added to bodies of water and can act like fertilizer. This phenomenon is known as eutrophication. In coastal and marine ecosystems, eutrophication changes the algal species composition. Currently over 500 dead-zones have been reported as eutrophic worldwide. Sources of nutrient pollution include surface runoff from farm fields, discharges from septic tanks and feedlots, and emissions from combustion. The massive amount of CO2 we are pumping into the atmosphere isn’t just warming the climate and changing the ocean temperature— a quarter of it ends up in the oceans, where it works to lower the waters’ pH level and increase its acidity. The oceans have become 30 percent more acidic over the past 200 years because of human activity, harming coral reefs, dissolving the shells of sea snails, an important part of the marine food chain, and threatening fisheries. Uncontrolled seas – the majority of the high seas is common territory, but without common governance. In Ocean governance there is a fragmentation of jurisdictions and decision-making. It means silo governance, where each state only looks at its own waters and even then, most is managed for variety of human uses. But, oceans are fluid – so a problem in one place can end up in another place and threaten the biodiversity. To “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development” is an alament of Goal 14 in the SDG draft document. © 2015 Monday Morning Global Institute / DNV GL / UNGC A Generation Wasted Global Food Crisis Increasing Emission from Transport Loss of Ocean Biodiversity Number of dead zones has roughly doubled each decade since 1960’s Dead zones are areas with oxygen levels too low to support most marine life. DEAD ZONE LOCATION Resistance to Lifesaving Medicine PUSHING THE RESOURCES OF THE SEA TO THE LIMIT Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocks. Light blue indicate biologically unsustainable levels. 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 1974 2011 OVERFISHED FULLY FISHED UNDER FISHED INCREASING CO2 LEVELS WIL ALSO AFFECT MARINE LIFE As carbon dioxide in the air and ocean increases over time, the pH in the seawater decreases. CO2 HIGH INCREASE IN NUMBER OF DEAD ZONES pH 500 2012: 371 �atm 1988: 8.12 1988: 325 �atm 2012: 8.07 400 300 200 100 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Sources: World Map (above) – Secretariate of the Convention on Biological Diversity. ‘Global Biodiversity Outlook 3’. Report. 2010. Chart (upper right) – FAO, ‘The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture’. Report. 2014 . Chart (lower right) – National Research Council. ‘Ocean Acidification’. 2013 © 2015 Monday Morning Global Institute / DNV GL / UNGC Global Opportunity Report 3 Bibliography Bibliography Risk 4: Loss of Ocean Biodiversity IPPC. ‘Ocean systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects’. Report. 2014 CBD. ‘Action Plan for the Sustainable Ocean Initiative’. Report. 2014 Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, et al. (2011) Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22588. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0022588 EEA. ’SOE – Growing pressure on ecosystems’. Report. 2015 Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, et al. (2011) Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22588. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0022588 WWF. ‘Marine problems: Pollution’. Online: wwf.panda.org [wwf. panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/pollution/] Accessed 05/05/2015 National Geographic. ‘Marine Pollution’. Online: ocean. nationalgeographic.com [http://ocean.nationalgeographic.com/ ocean/critical-issues-marine-pollution/] Accessed 05/05/2015 Algalita. ‘Algalita’. Online: www.algalita.org Accessed 05/05/2015 National Ocean Service.’ What is nutrient pollution?’. Online: oceanservice.noaa.gov [http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ nutpollution.html] Accessed 05/05/2015 Salon. ‘Look what we’ve done to the world’s oceans’. Online: www.salon.com [http://www.salon.com/2014/11/11/look_what_ weve_done_to_the_worlds_oceans/] Accessed 05/05/2015 FAO. ‘The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. Opportunities and Challenges’. Report. 2014 WWF. ‘Living Planet Report 2014’. Report. 2014 © 2015 Monday Morning Global Institute / DNV GL / UNGC Global Opportunity Report 4