Download study regarding the olt river (romania)

Acta Ichtiologica Romanica
SUCCESSIONS OF THE ICHTHYOFAUNA
IN AN EUTROPHIC SERBIAN RESERVOIR
Goran MARKOVIC, Mirjana LENHARDT and Zoran GACIC
KEYWORDS: Danube Basin, Serbia, Gruža Reservoir, ichthyofauna, non-native
species, changes.
ABSTRACT
Anthropogenic activities, primarily
the intensification of eutrophication and
introduction of new species, often affect
crucially the qualitative and quantitative
structure of the ichthyofauna of a
reservoir.
This
study
presents
basic
characteristics of the ichtyofauna of the
eutrophic reservoir constructed in 1984 on
the Gruža River (the Danube Basin,
Serbia).
The results on the icthyological
investigations conducted in 2004-2005
suggested the presence of 19 species of 6
families, being dominated by representatives
of the Cyprinidiae family (accounting for
80.95% of the total number of individuals
and 74.41% of the biomass of the
icthyofauna). Great changes have been
observed during the two decades of the
ecosystem existence.
REZUMAT: Succesiunea ihtiofaunei într-un bazin din Serbia.
Activităţile antropice, în primul rând
Rezultatele investigaţiilor ihtiologice
intensificarea eutrofizării şi introducerea de
realizate în 2004 - 2005 suggerează prezenţa
noi specii, afectează adesea crucial structura
a 19 specii din 6 familii, fiind dominate de
calitativă şi cantitativă a ihtiofaunei unui
reprezentanţi ai familiei Cyprinidiae
bazin.
(însumând 80.95% din totalul numărului de
Acest studiu prezintă caracteristicile
indivizi şi 74.41% din biomasa ihtiofaunei).
de bază a ihtiofaunei unui bazin eutrofizat
Modificări mari au fost observate de-a
construit în 1984 pe râul Gruža (Bazinul
lungul a două decade de existenţă a
Dunării, Serbia).
ecosistemului.
ZUSSAMENFASUNG/RESUMEN/RESUME: Die Ichtiophauna Succesion in einem
Basin aus Serbia.
Anthropogenic
Tätigkeiten,
Die Ergebnisse auf den icthyological
hauptsächlich
die
Verstärkung
von
Untersuchungen geleitet in 2004-2005 hat
eutrophication und Einführung neuer
die Anwesenheit von 19 Spezies von 6
Spezies, beeinflusst oft entscheidend die
Familien vorgeschlagen, beherrscht durch
qualitative und quantitative Struktur des
Vertreter die der Familie Cyprinidiae
ichthyofauna von einem Behälter.
(80,95% von der gesamten Zahl von
Dieses
Studium
überreicht
Individuen und 74,41% von der Biomasse
grundlegende Kennzeichen des ichtyofauna
des icthyofauna zu werden erklärend).
vom eutrophic Behälter gebaut in 1984 auf
Große Änderungen sind während der zwei
dem Gruža Fluss (dem Donau Becken,
Jahrzehnte von der Ökosystemexistenz
Serbien).
beobachtet worden.
Successions of the ichthyofauna in an eutrophic Serbian reservoir;
-1-
Acta Ichtiol. Roman.
.
INTRODUCTION
Damming rivers and the construction
of reservoirs or man-made lakes are unique
phenomena in nature. The conversion of
running water ecosystems into poorly
running or standing water ecosystems
induces drastic changes in exposed
hydrobiont communities. Eutrophication is
intensified by the inflow of nutrient salts,
phosphate and nitrate, as well as by the
prolongation of the lake basin retention time
(Hutchinson 1967). Most Serbian reservoirs
have exhibited signs of eutrophication
(Bogdanović 2006, Karadžić and Mijović
2007). Consequently, fish communities
undergo substantial changes in these
biotopes. Some species adapt rapidly and
increase in abundance under the newly
emerged conditions, others disappear
(Lenhardt et al. 2008).
The Gruža reservoir (43054’35’’ 0
’ ’’
43 57 51 N, 20037’35’’ – 200 41’50’’E) was
created in 1984 by damming of the middle
course of the Gruža River, a tributary of the
Zapadna Morava River (Danube Basin,
Serbia) (Figure 1). The reservoir was built to
supply water to the City of Kragujevac
(180,000 inhabitants). The lake has a surface
area of 9.34km2, a length of 10 km, a
maximum width of 1.5 km, a maximum
depth of 31 m and water-level fluctuations
of 3-5 m. The total volume of the reservoir
is 64 x 106m3. The Gruža Reservoir has a
drainage basin of 318 km2.
The reservoir is characterized by a low flow
rate (1 m3sec-1)(Ostojić et al. 2005). There
are no water inflows from the main river and
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The ichthyological research was
conducted in the studied area (Fig. 1) during
spring (April-May) and summer (JulyAugust) in 2004-2005. The fish were caught
using standard fishing gear – nets, 30 –
100m long, 1 to 5m wide, having different
mesh size ranging from 10 to 75mm. The
samples were determined by standard
methods (Banarescu 1964, Wheeler 1978,
-2-
tributaries into the reservoir during the
summer months of drought years. Intensive
agriculture in the riparian areas induces a
high
nutrient
inflow
causing
overeutrophication
and
accompanying
consequences, such as «blooms» of
Cyanobacteriophyta. This process is
facilitated by the low depth and low amount
of water, as well as by minimum movement.
Water quality deteriorates due to continuous
faecal pollution, particularly with the
Clostridium perfrigens species (Ćurčić and
Čomić 2002). The sediment of the shallow
parts of the lake is heterogeneous, consisting
of loam, clay, sand and plant detritus. The
deeper parts of the lake have a silty bottom
and a higher amount of detritus, being
generally derived from plants. Apart from
the developed macrophyte vegetation
(Topuzović and Pavlović 2004), the biota of
the ecosystem include a diverse zooplankton
community composed of 99 species (Ostojić
2000) and a macrozoobenthos community
comprising 32 species being dominated by
Oligochaeta and Chironomidae (Simić
2005). The lake is marked by an occasional
oxygen deficiency in deeper parts. There
have been several records of the reservoir
water being loaded with nitrites, ammonia
and pesticides (Ostojic et al. 2007). Despite
the above limitations, the general
environmental conditions in the area enable
the development of a diverse fish
community, making the Gruža Reservoir the
major recreational fishing area in Central
Serbia (Simović and Marković 2005).
Ladiges und Vogt 1979, Simonović 2006).
The diversity of the fish community was
used to calculate Margalef (Margalef 1958)
and Shannon-Weiner indices (Krebs 1994).
The results obtained in this study were
compared to previous ones (Simović 1995
and 2001, Simović and Marković 1996 and
2005, Šorić 1996).
G. Markovic, M. Lenhardt and Z. Gacic
Acta Ichtiologica Romanica
Figure 1: Studied area localization.
Successions of the ichthyofauna in an eutrophic Serbian reservoir;
-3-
Acta Ichtiol. Roman.
.
RESULTS
During
the
ichthyological
investigations conducted in 2004-2005, a
total of 1926 fish samples having a total
weight of 379,160 kg were caught. The fish
belonged to 19 species and 6 families
(Cyprinidae, Siluridae, Esocidae, Percidae,
Centrarchidae and Ictaluridae) (Table 1).
The representatives of the family Cyprinidae
predominated both in terms of the total
number of individuals (80.95%) and
biomass (74.41%) (Figure 2). The reservoir
was inhabited by 6 allochthonous species.
The high occurrence of Carassius gibelio
(28.35% of individuals and 43.29 % of the
total biomass of ichthyofauna) contributed
to
the
significant
proportion
of
allochthonous species in the total number
(39.97%) and biomass (45.32%) of the
icthyofauna.
Table 1: Qualitative and quantitative composition of the Gruža reservoir ichthyofauna: *
non-native (allochthonous) species.
Fam.
Number
%
Biomass
%
(g)
CYPRINIDAE
Alburnus alburnus
357
18.54
4900
1.29
Abramis brama
185
9.61
11750
3.10
Aspius aspius
5
0.26
3950
1.04
Carassius gibelio*
546
28.35
164120
43.29
Chondrostoma nasus
11
0.57
3200
0.84
Cyprinus carpio
77
4.00
71200
18.78
Ctenopharyngodon idella*
1
0.05
470
0.12
Hypophthalmichtys molitrix *
2
0.10
950
0.25
Leuciscus cephalus
16
0.83
3250
0.86
Pseudorasbora parva*
137
7.11
2800
0.74
Rhodeus sericeus
54
2.80
350
0.09
Rutilus rutilus
168
8.72
15200
4.01
SILURIDAE
Silurus glanis
48
2.49
59800
15.77
ESOCIDAE
Esox lucius
16
0.83
17100
4.51
PERCIDAE
Perca fluviatilis
180
9.35
14000
3.70
Acerina cernua
13
0.67
320
0.08
Sander lucioperca
26
1.35
2300
0.61
Fam. CENTRARCHIDAE
Lepomis gibbosus*
47
2.44
380
0.10
Fam. ICTALURIDAE
Ictalurus nebulosus*
37
1.92
3120
0.82
TOTAL
1926
100
379160
100
-4-
G. Markovic, M. Lenhardt and Z. Gacic
Acta Ichtiologica Romanica
Figure 2: Proportion of fish families (number of individuals)
in the ichthyofauna of the Gruža reservoir (%).
Figure 2: Proportion of fish families (biomass)
in the ichthyofauna of the Gruža reservoir (%).
Successions of the ichthyofauna in an eutrophic Serbian reservoir;
-5-
Acta Ichtiol. Roman.
.
DISCUSSIONS
The
first
ichthyological
investigations of the Gruža reservoir were
conducted in 1987. The reservoir was
inhabited by 16 species of 6 families. The
fish community in the first period of the lake
existence was comprised of, among others,
lothic species such as Barbus peloponnesius,
Alburnoides bipunctatus, Gobio gobio,
Sabanejewa aurata balcanica and Barbatula
barbatula (Table 2). Among the non-native
species found in the reservoir, a massive
abundance of C. gibellio and the presence of
individual specimens of Lepomis gibbosus
were reported (Šorić 1996).
Table 2: Qualitative composition of the Gruža reservoir ichthyofauna (1987-2005); * non-native
(allochthonous) species
Period
Taxon
Family
Cyprinidae
Alburnus alburnus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Alburnoides bipunctatus
(Bloch, 1782)
Abramis brama
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Abramis sapa
(Pallas, 1811)
Aspius aspius
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Barbus peloponnesius
(Valenciennes,1844)
Carassius auratus gibelio
(Bloch, 1783)*
Chondrostoma nasus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Ctenopharyngodon idella
(Valenciennes,1844)*
Cyprinus carpio
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Gobio gobio
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Hypophthalmichthys molitrixis
(Valenciennes, 1844)*
Leuciscus cephalus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Phoxinus phoxinus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Pseudorasbora parva
(Schlegel, 1842)*
Rhodeus sericeus amarus
(Bloch, 1782)
Rutilus rutilus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
-6-
1987
1991
1995
1998-1999
2004-2005
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
G. Markovic, M. Lenhardt and Z. Gacic
Acta Ichtiologica Romanica
Period
Taxon
Family
Cobitidae
Barbatula barbatula
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Sabanejewa aurata balcanica
(Karaman, 1922)
Family
Esocidae
Esox lucius
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Family
Siluridae
Silurus glanis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Family
Percidae
Perca fluviatilis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Acerina cernua
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Sander lucioperca
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Family
Centrarchidae
Lepomis gibbossus
(Linnaeus, 1758) *
Family
Ictaluridae
Ictalurus nebulosus
(Lesueu, 1819) *
Number of species
1987
1991
1995
1998-1999
2004-2005
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
The location of the reservoir and a
high nutrient inflow from surrounding
agricultural
land
induced
rapid
eutrophication of the ecosystem and high
bioproductivity of the ichthyofauna.
However, a huge fishkill caused by the
Branchiomyces sanguinus fungus occurred
on 5 April 1988, involving particularly
the carp (Cyprinus carpio) population.
The emptied ecological niche was filled
by C. gibelio, a predominant species in
the ecosystem since the date (Simović
2001).
14
15
18
19
Later studies (1991-1995) showed
evidence of recovery of the icthyofauna, but
also of significant changes in the fish
structure – the disappearance of a number of
rheophilic species and a pronounced
dominance of stagnophilic species. The
predator species Esox lucius was not
reported in the 1995 fish catches, which
most likely contributed to a massive increase
in «trash» fish abundance. A total of 15
species representing 5 families were
reported for the ichthyofauna, being
dominated by C. gibelio which accounted
for 61.35 % and 75.30% of the total number
and biomass of the ichthyofauna,
Successions of the ichthyofauna in an eutrophic Serbian reservoir;
-7-
Acta Ichtiol. Roman.
.
respectively (Simović 1995). The first
record of the occurrence of Pseudorasbora
parva (Simović and Marković 1996), an
allochthonous species widely distributed in
Serbian watercourses ((Maletin 1997, Cakić
et al. 2004) was reported.
Studies conducted in 1998-1999
showed an increase in species diversity. The
ichthyofauna comprised 18 species of 5
families, being dominated by Cyprinidae
representatives (84.3 % of the total number
of individuals and 74.68% of the biomass of
the ichthyofauna). The allochthonous
ichthyofauna was enriched with Asian
herbivores
Ctenopharyngodon idella and
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, which were
introduced into the reservoir to reduce the
development of macrophytes and planktons.
Apart from the marked dominance of C. gibelio
(26.42% of the total number of individuals and
36.83% of the biomass of the ichthyofauna), a
increase in C. carpio (4.50 % of individuals and
21.09 % of biomass) abundance was another
consequence of fish stocking. Interestingly, the
reservoir was not inhabited by tench (Tinca
tinca), unlike a number of reservoirs in Central
Serbia, irrespective of the relatively favourable
conditions of the ecosystem for its survival.
Table 3: Temporal variation in the diversity of the fish assemblage of the Gruža reservoir.
Years
1995
1998 - 1999
2004 - 2005
Diversity index
Margalef
2.3537
2.2829
2.5121
Shannon-Weiner
0.9504
1.8941
1.8004
(biomass)
Shannon-Weiner
1.1482
2.1824
2.2306
(total number)
The results presented in this paper
suggest the increased species diversity of the
reservoir ichthyofauna (Table 3), being
enhanced by the planned introduction of the
predatory Sander lucioperca species into the
ecosystem in 2002 aimed at restraining the
production of «trash» species, as well as by
the unplanned introduction of Ictalurus
nebulosus. The high proportion of C. carpio
and Silurus glanis in the fish productivity of
the reservoir is due to fish stocking,
successfull acclimatization and, also,
selectivity of the fishing tools used (use of
nets of larger mesh size).
CONCLUSIONS
The Gruža Reservoir on the Gruža
river (the Danube Basin, Serbia) shows
characteristics of lowland reservoirs and a
high degree of eutrophication favouring the
development of stagnophilous species. The
ichthyofauna of this ecosystem is composed
of 19 species of 6 families, dominated by
Cyprinidae. The excessive increase in the
-8-
Continuous nutrient inflows and a
high primary production of plankton and
macrophytes facilitate the development of
the reservoir fish community. The minimum
flow rate favours the development of
stagnophilous species, which are, therefore,
pronouncedly
dominant,
occasionally
tending to proliferate in mass numbers. It is
generally recognized that a large amount of
fish excrement may significantly enhance
eutrophication of ecosystems (Horppila and
Kairesalo 1992). The abundance of the
ichthyofauna representatives and their
physiologial activity, coupled with the above
factors, most likely lead to more rapid
ageing of this relatively young reservoir.
abundance of C. gibelio leads to a high
proportion of allochthonous fish species.
Anthropogenic activities have affected the
ichthyofauna structure of this reservoir
characterized by a low flow rate and
overproductivity of herbivorous and
planktofagous species.
G. Markovic, M. Lenhardt and Z. Gacic
Acta Ichtiologica Romanica
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study has been completely
supported by the Ministry of Science, of the
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HABITATS DIRECTIVE
URGENCY ORDER NR. 57
SPECIES
ANNEXES
Acta Ichtiol. Roman.
AUTHORS’S PROPOSAL
Acipenser gueldenstaedtii
V
IV
IV
Acipenser nudiventris
V
V
Acipenser ruthenus
V
Simović
S.,
Marković
G.,
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ichtyofauna
V
Acipenser stellatus
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IV
Acipenser sturio
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27P-28P,
V
Alosa immaculata Arch.Biol.Sci., II, 48(3-4):
V
V
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Alosa tanaica
II, V
II (only
for Finnish
Aspius aspius
II, V
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and
cenotic
relationships between populations).
the speciesFor the
others, No.
Rutilus rutilus L. and Carassius
Barbus barbus
V
auratus gibelio Bloch in Nothe
Carassius carassius
Medjuvršje and Gruža reservoir. PH.
Chalcalburnus chalcoides
II
IV
D. thesis, Faculty of Biology,
No
Cobitis danubialis
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II
Eudontomyzon mariae
II
Simović S., Marković G.,
- Autochthonous
IV
Gobio albipinnatus
II
and allochthonous
fish
Gobio kesslerii
II species in theIV
community
of
the
Gruža
reservoir.
IV
Gymnocephalus baloni
II, IV
Gymnocephalus schraetser
II, V
IV
V
Huso huso
V
Lota lota
Mesogobius batrachocephalus
V
Misgurnus fossilis
II
Neogobius eurycephalus
Neogobius syrman
Pelecus cultratus
Percarina demidoffii
II, V
No
Petroleuciscus borysthenicus
Proterorhinus marmoratus
Rhodeus amarus
Sabanejewia bulgarica
Sander volgensis
Umbra krameri
Zingel streber
Zingel zingel
ANNEXES
.
Morava (Danube Basin) I. The
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5A
Leuciscus Nocephalus,
Alburnus
4B
4B
alburnus and Rutilus rutilus.
3
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3
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3, 4A
4A
3
5A
4B
5B
3
5B
4A
5A
AUTHORS:
4B
4B
5A MARKOVIĆ Goran
5B Faculty of Agronomy,
4B
Cara Dušana 34,
No 32000 Čačak, Serbia
II
II
II, V
No
IV
II
IV
IV
5B
3
4B
4B
II
II
AUTHORS’S PROPOSAL
4A
5A
5A
4A
5A
5A
Čomić,Lj.,
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5A In:
5A
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5A
3 river, a tributary
No
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4B
3
3
4B
4B
4B LENHARDT Mirjana
InstituteNo
for Biological Research,
Bulevar
No Despota Stefana 142,
4A11000 Belgrade, Serbia
4B
GAČIĆ Zoran
3
3
3Institute for Multidisciplinary
4A
Research,
3, 4A, 5A
4A
Kneza Višeslava 1,
11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- 146 -
G. Markovic, M. Lenhardt and Z. Gacic