Download Name: Biology End of Course Exam Review Directions: Work

Name: ___________________________________________________
Biology End of Course Exam Review
Directions: Work through the following practice packet of problems to prepare you for the NJ Biology
End of Course Exam on May 20th and 21st. Place all answers on the provided Scantron
Due Dates: May 15th – Organization and Development, Heredity and Reproduction and Natural Selection
Organization and Development
1. A plant cell that lacks chloroplasts will not
a. Give off oxygen
b. Take in food
c. Give off carbon dioxide
d. Take in water
2. In the test tube shown to the right, what is produced by the
snail that is used by the plant?
a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Food
d. Egg cells
3. Enzymes influence chemical reactions in living system by
a. Becoming part of the product after the reactions occur
b. Combining with atmospheric gases from waste products
c. Absorbing water during synthesis and digestion
d. Affected the rate at which chemical reactions occur
4. In examining a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, a student observes that the
cell has a nucleus and a cell membrane, but not a cell wall. The student can correctly conclude
that the cell probably comes from
a. A moss
c. A bacterium
b. A fungus
d. An animal
5. Athletes want a drink to help them maintain constant cellular respiration during their game.
To accomplish this, the drink should contain
a. ATP
c. Glucose
b. Lipids
d. Proteins
6. Most cell membranes are composed principally of
a. DNA and ATP
b. Proteins and lipids
c. Chitin and starch
d. Nucleotides and amino acids
7. Normally, in the process of osmosis, the net flow of water molecules into or out of the cell
depends upon differences in the
a. Concentration of water molecules inside and outside the cell
b. Concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane
c. Rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane
d. Rate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell
1
8. Proteins are made from amino acids by the process of
a. Hydrolysis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Active transport
d. Dehydration synthesis
9. The diagram below can be used to illustrate a process directly involved in
a. Fertilization
b. Mitosis
c. Tissue repair
d. Recombination
10. The diagram below represents the process of mitosis in an ameba, a unicellular organism.
Which statement regarding this process is true?
a. Cell B contains the same genetic information that
cells A and C contain
b. Cell C has DNA that is only 50% identical to cell B
c. Cell A has DNA that is 75% identical to cell B
d. Cells A, B, and C contain completely different
genetic information
11. The results of an experiment to determine the chemical composition of the cytoplasm of
organisms X are are shown in the data table below.
a. 15
c. 22
b. 20
d. 92
12. What would most likely happen if the ribosomes in a cell were not functioning?
a. The cell would undergo uncontrolled cell division
b. The synthesis of proteins would stop
c. The cell would produce carbohydrates
d. There would be no energy for the cell
13. Which cellular process converts solar energy into chemical energy?
a. Respiration
b. Transpiration
c. Photosynthesis
d. Chemosynthesis
14. Which best explains why a bacterial cell is classified as a prokaryote?
a. The presence of a nucleus
b. The absence of a nucleus
c. The presence of a cell wall
d. The absence of a cell wall
2
15. Proteins are synthesized in which numbered organelle?
a. 1
c. 3
b. 2
d. 4
16. Students conducted an investigation using Biuret reagent to
determine the presence of proteins in different foods. The
results are shown in the table below. According to the data,
which foods tested by the students contained proteins?
a. Honey and Potato
b. Potato and chicken broth
c. Cottage cheese and water
d. Cottage cheese and yogurt
17. Which best describes how enzymes function in the body?
a. Enzymes are converted into products by the reactions they catalyze
b. Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions
c. One enzymes can catalyze many different reactions
d. An enzyme is used once and then destroy by cells
18. Which molecules store and transmit genetic information?
a. Lipids
c. Nucleic acids
b. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
19. A student notices that the lettuce is a salad wilts soon after salt is added. Wilting most likely
occurs because the lettuce cells
a. Swell when exposed to salt
b. Absorb the extra salt
c. Release water in the presence of salt
d. Lose oxygen when in contact with salt
20. In active transport, carrier proteins
a. Move substances across the cell membrane without the use of ATP
b. Move from low concentration to high concentration by diffusion
c. Move small molecules through the cell membrane by osmosis
d. Move substances from low concentration to high concentration through the use of energy
3
21. Some microorganism, such as yeast, produce energy in oxygen free environments through the
process of
a. mitosis
c. aerobic respiration
b. photosynthesis
d. anaerobic respiration
22. Which is an organelle that performs cellular respiration and is paired with its correct function?
a. Chloroplast – converts light energy into chemical energy
b. Chloroplast – converts chemical energy into light energy
c. Mitochondria – convert energy found in glucose into energy for use by the cell
d. Mitochondria – converts cellular energy into glucose chemical energy
23. Which biomolecule contains nitrogenous bases?
a. Lipids
b. Protein
c. Nucleic acid
d. Carbohydrate
24. An ion must cross the cell membrane through active transport instead of passive transport
when the ion is
a. Negatively charged
b. Carried across by a protein
c. Going against the concentration gradient
d. Too small to move independently
25. A student tests an unknown colorless solution for the presence of sugars, starches, lipids and
proteins. The results are shown in the table below. Based on the data collected, which
molecules are present in the unknown solution?
a. Starches and lipids
b. Protein and starches
c. Sugars and proteins
d. Lipids and proteins
4
26. Which statement correctly identifies the cell?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cell 1 is prokaryote; cell 2 is eukaryote
Cell 1 is eukaryote; cell 2 is prokaryote
Both cells are prokaryote
Both cells are eukaryote
27. Antibodies are composed primarily of amino acids. In which class of biomolecules would
antibodies below?
a. Nucleic acids
c. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
d. Lipids
28. The enzyme catalase is involved in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and
oxygen. During this reaction, the catalase
a. Is unchanged
c. Is changed into a product
b. Is used up
d. Is formed into a new enzyme
Heredity and Reproduction:
29. In pea plants, tall plants are dominant to short plants. A heterozygous tall plant is bred with a
short plant. What percentage of their offspring will be tall?
a. 100%
c. 50%
b. 75%
d. 25%
30. The chart below shows the characteristics of fur in cats
The Genetics of Cat Fur
Trait
Short Hair
Long Hair
Inheritance
Dominant
Recessive
If a long-haired cat is mated to a pure-bred short-haired cat; what will be the expected appearance of
their offspring?
a. 100% short-haired
b. 75% short-haired, 25% long haired
c. 50% short-haired, 50% long-haired
d. 25% short-haired, 75% long-haired
5
31. In cats, long tail is dominant to a short tail. A cat that is homozygous for the long tail gene
mated with a cat that is heterozygous for the long tail gene. What is the probability that these
cats will have a kitten that has a short tail?
a. 0%
c. 50%
b. 25%
d. 100%
32. A child can inherit Tay-Sachs only if both parents have at least one allele for the disease. Given
this information, we can conclude that Tay-Sachs disease is caused by
a. A dominant gene
c. A rare virus
b. A recessive gene
d. The environment
33. Compared to the number of chromosomes in a normal human body cell, the number of
chromosomes in a normal sperm cell is
a. The same
c. Half as great
b. Twice as great
d. Four times as great
34. Sexually produced offspring often resemble but are not identical to their parents. Explain why
they resemble their parents but are not identical to either parent. Your answer should include:
a. The process that reduces the genetic material in the gametes of organisms
b. Describe the process that returns the genetic material to the full amount
c. Explain how the process of sexual reproduction results in offspring genetically different
from each other and their parents
35. Which molecule is paired with its correct role in protein synthesis?
a. Nucleus – forms peptide bonds
b. Ribosome – carries DNA instructions
c. mRNA – joins amino acids
d. tRNA – transfers amino acids
36. In certain species of roses, white roses and red roses are incompletely dominant to each other.
When a red rose and white rose are crossed, a pink rose is produced. What is the probability of
producing a white rose when a red rose is crossed with a pink rose?
a. 100%
c. 25%
b. 75%
d. 0%
37. What is the primary function of DNA in organisms?
a. Binds to specific active sites
b. Stores genetic information
c. Transports amino acids to ribosomes
d. Produces chromosomes for sexual reproduction
6
38. The pedigree chart below shows the transmission of genetic traits over several generations.
How is this trait inherited?
a. Autosomal recessive
b. Autosomal dominant
c. Sex-linked recessive
d. Sex-linked dominant
39. Diagrams of bent pinky finger and a straight pinky finger are show below. The allele for having
a bent pinky finger is dominant to the allele for having a straight pinky finger. If two people
who are both heterozygous for the trait of a bent pinky finger have a child, what is the percent
probability that the child will have straight pinky fingers?
a. 0%
c. 75%
b. 25%
d. 100%
40. Which best describes how meiosis contributes to genetic variation?
a. Increase the rate of reproduction with each generation
b. Produces a new individual different from either parent
c. Decrease the risk of lethal mutations being transmitted
d. Forms new DNA that can resist environmental change
7
41. Which statement best describes the primary function of DNA replication?
a. To ensure daughter cells have a complete copy of the DNA
b. To prevent mutations from occurring in cells
c. To provide genetic variation with specific organisms
d. To allow prokaryotic cells to undergo meiosis
42. Which best describes the interaction between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis?
a. RNA carries the code to the nucleus where DNA translates the code into a protein
b. DNA travels to the ribosome where RNA translates the code into a protein
c. RNA carries the code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis
d. DNA travels to the cytoplasm wile RNA remains in the nucleus
43. In certain species of guinea pigs, black fur is dominant to white fur. If a white male guinea pig
is crossed with a black homozygous dominant female, what is the probability of having
offspring with black fur?
a. 100%
b. 75%
c. 50%
d. 25%
44. The transmission of a genetic disorder is shown in the pedigree below. According to the
pedigree, what is the mode of inheritance for this disorder?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A nonsex-linked dominant trait
A nonsex-linked recessive trait
A sex-linked trait carried on the Y chromosome
A sex-linked trait carried on the X chromosome
45. Meiotic cell division results in gametes that produce sperm and egg cells by
a. Reducing the daughter chromosome number by 75%
b. Reducing the daughter chromosome number by 50%
c. Increasing the daughter chromosome number by 50%
d. Increasing the daughter chromosome number by 75%
46. Which process most contributes to genetic variation in population?
a. Crossing over during meiosis
b. Chromosome replication during mitosis
c. Cytokinesis during cellular division
d. Duplication of chromosomes in asexual reproduction
8
47. A human karyotype is shown in the diagram below. Which set of chromosomes represents a
mutation?
a.
b.
c.
d.
2
11
16
23
Natural Selection & Evolution – will be taught after the EOC, here is some background
information and practice problems
Evolution by means of natural selection is a theory that can be used to explain how species, or groups of organisms
of the same type have changed over time. It is important to remember that an individual can’t evolve. Although
there are changes going on in my body as I write this, I am not evolving. Evolution involves the passing of inherited
traits on to the next generation. An easy way to remember the key points of the theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection is VISTA.
Variation- A variety of traits exist within a group of organisms of the same species.
Inheritance- In order for a trait to acted on by natural selection, it must be inherited or be coded for in the DNA. If a
trait is acquired and not inherited, then it can’t be passed to the next generation and will not contribute to
the species change over time.
Survival and Reproduction- Organisms that have inherited traits that allow them to survive and reproduce will
pass their traits on to their offspring. These beneficial traits will become more common in the next
generation, because the individuals with the unfavorable traits don’t survive and reproduce. Remember!
Surviving isn’t enough. The organism must pass on its traits to the next generation to contribute to the
evolution of its species.
Time- Evolution occurs over the course of generations.
9
Adaptations- Over time, species develop adaptations or favorable traits that allow the species to survive in its
environment. These adaptations result from the accumulation of favorable traits in generations due to the
survival and reproduction of the parents with those favorable traits.
Let’s take a look at an example. Variation exists in a population of bacteria, such that some are resistant to
antibiotic X and some aren’t. Since the variation is due to a genetic mutation, it can be inherited. When the
population is exposed to antibiotic X, the resistant individuals survive and reproduce. Over time, more and more
individuals are resistant.
There are many similarities between organisms. Take a look back at the diagram of cells in Part I. All plants, from
moss to pine trees, have similar structures in their cells. All animals, from bees to fish to humans, have similar
structures in their cells. What evidence do we have that allows us to determine that all organisms have evolved
from common ancestors?
 Humans can also drive changes in organisms over time. Through the process of selective breeding
humans are acting like nature and determine the favorable traits that will be passed on to the next
generation. For example, humans bred Chihuahuas and Great Danes from their wild relatives, the wolves.
 Scientists can observe the fossil record to observe how organisms have changed over time.
 Scientists can observe similarities in anatomy. For example, the types of bones in the forelimbs of
vertebrates (animals with backbones) are often similar.
 All organisms have DNA. Scientists can compare the similarities in DNA sequence to determine relatedness.
The more similarities that exist in the DNA sequences of two different species, the more closely related they
are.
Let’s practice
48. How does natural selection operate to cause change in a population?
a. The members of the population are equally able to survive environmental change.
b. The members of the population differ so that only some survive when the environment changes.
c. The members of the population cause environmental changes and adapt to them.
d. All members of the population adapt to environmental changes.
49. Evolution is the process of the
a. development of one-celled organisms from mammals
b. embryonic development of modern humans
c. change in species over long periods of time
d. changing energy flow in food webs
50. In an area in Africa, temporary pools form from where rivers flow during the rainy months. Some fish
have developed the ability to use their fins as “feet” to travel on land from one of these temporary pools
to another. The fish that do not have this ability die when the pools dry up. What can be expected to
happen in this area after many years?
a. The fish using their fins as “feet” will be present in increasing numbers.
b. All fish will develop the ability to use their fins as “feet”.
c. The fish using their fins as “feet” will develop real feet.
d. All varieties of fish will survive and produce many offspring.
10
51. Scientists studying a moth population in a forest in
New Jersey recorded the distribution of moth wing
color as shown in the following graph. While
observing the moths, scientists noted that the moths
spent most of the day resting on trees and looking for
food at night. The woods contained trees with a bark
color that was predominantly brown.
A fungus infection affected nearly all trees in the woods so the
color of the tree bark was changed to a gray-white color. Which graph shows the most probable results that would
occur in the distribution of wing color in this moth population after a long period of time?
A
52. A pictorial chart of five cichlid species of fish is shown below. The physical different among the fish
are most likely.
a. A feeding adaptation due to competition for food
b. Swimming adaptation due to water temperatures
c. An osmotic adaptation due to salinity levels
d. A respiration adaptation due to different oxygen levels
11
53. The classification of four birds is shown below. Based on the classification, which two birds are most
closely related?
a.
Western Kingbird and
Ovenbird
b.
Eastern Bluebird and
Robin
c.
Western Kingbird and
Eastern Bluebird
d.
Robin and Ovenbird
54. The picture below show the limbs of four different species. The four species illustrated most likely
have similar limbs structure because they all.
a. Share a common ancestor
b. Use their limbs for the same function
c. Occupy the same level in a food pyramid
d. Adapted to the same environmental conditions
55. A diagram showing the evolution of eight bird species is shown below. The differences in the species
are most likely result of
a.
b.
c.
d.
Length of mating season
Population size
Color of feather
Available food sources
12
Sample Performance or Constructed Response Questions
Directions: Please complete 4 of the 6 given possibilities on loose-leaf paper or google docs.
1. The effect of temperature on the action of pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme present in stomach fluid,
was tested. In this investigation, 20 milliliters of stomach fluid and 10 grams of protein were placed in
each of five test tubes. The tubes were then kept at different temperatures. After 24 hours, the contents of
each tube were tested to determine the amount of protein that had been digested. The results are shown
in the table below.



Pepsin, which was used in this experiment, is an
enzyme that digests protein. Explain why the shape of
this enzyme allows it to function in protein digestion.
Explain why the amount of protein digested
decreased after the enzyme solution was heated past
37°C.
This investigation was repeated using 10 grams of
starch instead of protein in each test tube. The
contents of each tube were tested to determine the
amount of starch that had been digested. The test results showed that the enzymes did not break
down any starch. Explain why no starch was digested.
2. Data from two different cells are shown in the graphs below.

Are cells 1 and 2 prokaryotic
or eukaryotic? Explain your
reasoning

Which cell is most likely a
plant cell? Support your
answer.
3. The diagram below shows the relative concentration of molecules inside and outside of a cell.

Based on concentration, will protein move into or out
of the cell? Explain your reasoning.

Based on concentration, will glucose move into or out
of the cell? Explain your reasoning
13
4. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two important processes. Discuss ONE of these processes
and explain its importance to an organism. In your answer, be sure to:
 identify the process being discussed
 identify the organelle where this process occurs
 identify two raw materials necessary for this process
 identify one energy-rich molecule that is produced by this process
 state how organisms use the energy-rich molecule that is produced
 state how a gas produced by this process is recycled in nature
5. Use the diagrams below to answer question 5. The diagrams show cells dividing. N represents the
number of chromosomes in the cell.


Which diagram represents the process of mitosis?
Explain your reasoning.
Which diagram represents the process of meiosis?
Explain your reasoning.
6. In fruit flies, straight wings are dominant to curly wings.
Mary mated two straight winged flies. She obtained the
following results for the offspring.
Wing Type
Straight
Curly
Number of Flies
78
22
What are the most probable genotypes of the parent flies? Explain your reasoning and support your
answer with a punnett square.
14