Download Speaking and pronunciation

Chapter12 part 1
Providedby:Fpourshahbaz
Speaking is so much part of daily life that we tend
to take it for granted . learning speaking
involves subtle and detailed knowledge about
why, how and when to communicate and
complex skills for producing and managing
interaction.
It takes place in cultural and social context.
We speak in order to carry out various social
activities andwe may not be consciously aware
of it.
the way we say something loudly or softly, quickly
or slowly, with a certain quality , with a certain
melody or stress one syllable over another we
deals with pronunciation.
These elements make up the way we sound to our
interlocutors and are crucial factors in conveying
meaning.
Our pronunciation shows our identityas individuals
and how we indicate our membership of
particular communities as social beings.
It is also responsible for intelligibility-whether ornot
we can get our message across.
Speakers and listeners are involved simultaneously in
both producing and processing spoken
interactions . they are under time constraints
With no opportunities to go back and make changes.
Speakers must take account of relationship with
others.
They should adjust their lg according the meaning
they want to convey
Respond to verbal or nonverbal signals from their
listeners.
Genre or the concept of dicourse types identify
the kinds of interactions in which we are
involved for example speeches, jokes, doctor s
consultations.
Martin and Rothery define genre as staged goaloriented,social process
1.a genre evolves within a culture and its social
institutions (hence social)
2.social processes are purposeful(hence goaloriented)
3.it usually takes a number of steps to achieve
ones purpose(hence staged)
Transactional communication is primarily
motivated by an exchange of goods and
service
center for information
The motivation for interactional communication is
primarily to creat and maintain socisl relation
ships
Work by slade on causal conversation
distinguished between chat a highly
interactive multiple speaker sequence s of
conversations and chunks sequences where
primarily one speaker holds the floor.
Generic or shematic structure refers to the
overallway in which a text unfolds .
Genres contain both obligatory and optional
elements .
Abstract summerises the main point usually
signals the start of story.
Orientation the who what where whenthat orients
listener to the situation place and time
Complication the main part of the narrative
presents events in time sequence which lead
up to a problem or crisis.
Evaluation shows the speaker reaction to the
story
Resolution stage reveals how the storys main
players resolve the crisis
Coda the concluding stage of the story make a
point about the text as a whole and reorients
the speakers to the present
Different stages of a genre are characterized by
typical lexical and grammatical patterns.
Language learners who wish to speak fluently
must have an understanding of the
organization of the genres .
Text do not emerge intact as finished products
Exchange structure analysis provides a way of
showing how speakers can keep taking turns.
The function of follow ups is to acknowledge
information supplied in the response show our
social and emotional reactions to the topic and
indicate “convergence” or shared
understanding.
Jointly constructing the interaction means
that speakers must also judge when and how
to take a turn.
One possibility for obtaining a turn is to selfselect.
Another turn-taking opportunity comes when the
current speaker nominates the next.
This may be done directly or through the type of
turn the speaker selects.
“Adjacency pairs” are major types of turn
occurring together that enable speakers to
allocate or give up turns. Question/answer is
one of the most common one.
Closely related to turn-taking is the way speakers
manage and negotiate topics. Speakers must
ensure mutual understanding selecting
appropriate levels of explicitness and using
discourse strategies such as clarifying cheking
summerizing and adopting to points made by
other speakers.
Repeatition is another discourse device used to
manage topic negotiation
Pronunciation is a term used to capture all
aspects of how we employ speech sounds for
pronunciation does not work communicating.
in isolation in addition to employing our voice
we also use eye movement mime and gesture.
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There are certain patterns to how speakers use
their voices to structure what they say thus
providing important signposts for listeners as
how to process what they hear. these patterns
are achieved by chunking utterances into what
is called “sense or tone groups” or “tone units”
which indicate what from the speaker s point
of view “belongs together”. Tone groups are
characterized by “pitch movements”(also
called ” tone”) and sometimes set off by
pauses.
In any tone unit the syllable on which the major
pitch movement takes place or begins is called
“tonic syllable” The syllable with the greatest prominence.
signalling prominence is clearly an extermly
important factor in getting our message across.
For the precise timing of this turn-taking
“pitch” and “loudness” are particularly
important. Low pitch functions as a turnyielding device whereas the higher pitch
signals a bid for a turn.
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