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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Conducting System
Paranasal Sinuses
Anterior View
The conducting system comprises all of
the pathways through which air travels
to reach the lungs. These pathways
include the nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx, trachea and bronchi. Within
the conducting system, air is warmed,
filtered, moistened, and delivered
to and from the gas exchange area
of the lungs.
Lateral View
(Conchae Removed)
Frontal sinus
Superior
nasal
concha
Ethmoid cells:
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid cells
Nasal cavity
Middle nasal concha
Inferior
nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Lungs and Pleurae
Inferior nasal concha
The pleurae are the membranes that
envelop the lungs and line the thoracic
cavity. They facilitate the movement of
the lungs in the chest.
Opening of
eustachian tube
Sphenoid
sinus
Middle nasal
meatus
Sphenoid sinus
Nasal
cavity
Nasopharynx
Vestibule
of nose
Soft palate
Oral cavity
Oropharynx
Maxillary sinus
Inferior nasal meatus
Epiglottis
Nasal septum
Hyoid bone
Esophagus
Respiratory Mucosa
Thyroid cartilage
Lungs
Lamina propria
Larynx
Muscles
Cartilages
(Lateral View)
(Sagittal View)
Cricoid cartilage
Pseudostratified
columnar
epithelium
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Hyoepiglottic ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid cartilage
Aryepiglottic muscle
Thyroepiglottic muscle
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Corniculate cartilage
Vocal ligament
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Arytenoid cartilage
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Trachea
Pleurae
Cilia
Superior lobe
Mucus
Tubule
Apex of lung
Mucous cells
Serous cells
Goblet cell
Superior lobe
Tall columnar
ciliated cell
Left main bronchus
Superior division
bronchus
Right superior
lobar bronchus
Lingular division
bronchus
Right main
bronchus
Left superior
lobar bronchus
Intermediate
bronchus
Horizontal fissure
Bronchopulmonary Segments
Anterior View
Left
A
A&B
C
C
Right
A&B
Middle lobe
Cardiac notch
C
H
D
I&J
G
J
K
Oblique fissure
H
F
D
F
L
K
E
I
Superior lobe:
A—Apical
B—Posterior
C—Anterior
D—Superior lingular
E—Inferior lingular
Inferior lobe
Inferior lobe
Lingula
K
L
I&J
L
Heart
A
B
B
Oblique fissure
Right inferior
lobar bronchus
Posterior View
Right
Left inferior
lobar bronchus
Right middle
lobar bronchus
L
K
Middle lobe:
F—Lateral
G—Medial
Inferior lobe:
H—Superior
I—Medial basal
J—Anterior basal
K—Lateral basal
L—Posterior basal
Terminal
bronchiole
Diaphragm
Cross Section of Alveolus
Smooth muscle
Respiratory bronchioles
Structure of
Intrapulmonary Airways
Interstitial
connective
tissue space
Ventilation
Alveolar duct
Smooth muscle
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Alveoli
Macrophage
Capillary
beds cover
all alveoli
Breathing, or ventilation, is the movement
of air into and out of the respiratory system.
During inspiration, the diaphragm and
external intercostal muscles contract, causing
the rib cage to expand and the volume of the
thoracic cavity to increase. Air then rushes in
to equalize the pressure. During expiration,
the lungs passively recoil as the diaphragm
and intercostal muscles relax, pushing
air out of the lungs.
Capillary
Basal lamina
Elastic fibers
Collagen fibril
Fibroblast
Alveolar cell:
Type I
Type II
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolar pores
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Gas Exchange
The respiratory unit consists of the
respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct,
alveolar sac, and alveoli. Gas exchange
occurs very rapidly in the millions of
tiny, thin-membraned alveoli within the
respiratory units. Inside these air sacs,
oxygen from air inhaled diffuses into the
blood as carbon dioxide diffuses from the
blood into the air and is exhaled. Blood then
circulates throughout the body, delivering oxygen
and picking up carbon dioxide, until returning to
the lungs to be oxygenated again.
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts
(moves down)
Rib cage expands
Lung volume
increases
Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes
(moves up)
Rib cage retracts
Lung volume
decreases
©1997, 2000 Anatomical Chart Company, Skokie, Illinois.
Medical illustrations by Kimberly A. Martens in consultation with David Yu, M.D.