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An Impeccable Track Record of 33 Years of
Scientific Achievements in Health and
Longevity
Since 1980, the Life Extension Foundation® has been a world leader in uncovering
pioneering approaches for preventing and treating the diseases of aging. These avant-garde
medical advances were meticulously chronicled in Life Extension’s publications many years
before conventional doctors recognized them.
In order to enlighten the world about these life-saving therapies, the Life Extension
Foundation® compiled a 1,500-page medical reference book titled Disease Prevention and
Treatment in 2003. Updates to this reference book are available online.
To promote Life Extension’s innovative medical concepts, Life Extension co-founder Bill
Faloon has made hundreds of media appearances, including guest spots on The Phil Donahue
Show, The Joan Rivers Show, Tony Brown’s Journal, and ABC News Day One, and an
interview in Newsweek magazine.
Become a member today and discover the latest in nutritional and medical breakthroughs.
The following represents a succinct chronology of the Life Extension Foundation®’s
accomplishments since 1980:
In the 1980s: DHEA, Aspirin, CoQ10
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In 1980, Life Extension recommended that healthy people consume high doses of
antioxidant vitamins to maintain their health. Since then, hundreds of studies have
been published in prestigious journals documenting the role of antioxidants in
protecting against disease. Interestingly, some studies show that modest doses of
antioxidants are relatively ineffective, whereas the more potent antioxidant plant
extracts that Life Extension introduced long ago have demonstrated profound results in
human clinical studies in both the prevention and reversal of common age-related
disorders.
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In 1981, Life Extension recommended the hormone DHEA to slow aging. There are
now hundreds of published papers substantiating DHEA’s youth promoting properties.
DHEA has become one of the most popular anti-aging supplements and Life
Extension’s dosing protocols enable people to derive optimal benefits from it.
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In 1981, Life Extension recommended B-complex vitamins to lower homocysteine
blood levels. Homocysteine is now recognized as a risk factor for heart disease and
stroke. Foundation members have been keeping their homocysteine levels low by
taking folic acid, Vitamin B12, trimethylglycine (TMG), and vitamin B6.
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In 1983, Life Extension recommended the use of low-dose aspirin on a daily basis to
prevent vascular disease. Cardiologists in the United States now prescribe low-dose
aspirin to protect against a heart attack in cardiac patients.
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In 1983, Life Extension warned its members against the intake of supplemental iron
because of studies showing that excessive iron causes cancer. In 1988, the New
England Journal of Medicine published an article showing that men with high levels
of iron had a 40% increase in their overall risk of cancer.
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In 1983, Life Extension was the first organization in the world to recommend the
Japanese cardiac drug coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as an anti-aging nutrient. The use of
high-dose CoQ10 in the United States is enabling people with congestive heart failure
to resume normal lives because this nutrient significantly boosts cardiac energy
output. High-dose CoQ10 also has been shown to significantly slow the progression of
Parkinson’s disease. A breakthrough in the field of anti-aging medicine occurred in
2006 with the publication of a study showing that ubiquinol form of CoQ10 slowed
aging in middle-aged, senescent-accelerated mice by 40%. Ubiquinol CoQ10 is what
most Life Extension members now supplement with.
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In 1985, Life Extension published an article suggesting that the progression of AIDS
could be slowed by vitamin supplementation. The United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) raided Life Extension’s premises in 1987 because the agency at
that time did not believe that nutrition had anything to do with HIV progression. In the
April 1995 issue of FDA Consumer, the FDA recommended vitamin supplements to
slow the progression of AIDS — and a federal judge eventually forced the FDA to
return everything it seized from Life Extension in 1987. Since we published the article
in 1985, hundreds of published studies have shown that the proper nutrient
supplementation can dramatically slow the progression of the immune system decline
that leads to AIDS.
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In 1985, Life Extension introduced lycopene, as a dietary supplement for the purpose
of preventing some forms of cancer. Lycopene is now accepted as one of the
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components of plants that has cancer-prevention properties.
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In 1985, Life Extension recommended the drug cimetidine (Tagamet®) as an
adjuvant cancer therapy. Since then, published studies reveal that this drug (most
commonly associated with heartburn relief) can reduce the recurrence of certain
cancers by as much as 79%.
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In 1986, the Foundation recommended low doses of a European drug, called deprenyl,
as a potential anti-aging therapy. The FDA eventually approved deprenyl in higher
doses to treat Parkinson’s disease but has yet to recognize the anti-aging effects that
low doses of this drug produce in healthy people.
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In 1986, Life Extension recommended the broad-spectrum anti-viral drug ribavirin to
treat lethal viral infections. Twelve years later the FDA approved ribavirin as a
treatment for Hepatitis C.
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In 1988, Life Extension introduced phosphatidylserine to improve memory and slow
brain aging. At a scientific conference on anti-aging medicine held in December 1997,
phosphatidylserine was the hottest topic of discussion by speakers who were lecturing
to 1,500 physicians about how to slow the aging process.
In the 1990s: Arthritis, Atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's
disease
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In 1991, Life Extension sued the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
because the FDA failed to approve Tacrine (THA) to treat Alzheimer's disease. While
the lawsuit was dismissed on technical grounds, it forced the FDA to finally approve
THA seven years after it was shown in a New England Journal of Medicine report to
slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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In 1992, Life Extension introduced melatonin to the American public based on
overwhelming evidence that this natural hormone is an effective anti-aging therapy.
After several books were published extolling melatonin’s multiple benefits, every
health food store in the United States began selling it in 1995.
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In 1994, Life Extension warned that the commonly prescribed estrogen and synthetic
progestin drugs could increase breast and ovarian cancer risk. Findings published
years later confirmed these dangers. The natural hormone-balancing approaches long
recommended by Life Extension have been shown to decrease common female
cancers.
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In 1996, Life Extension published the first book that integrated hormone replacement,
high-dose nutrient supplementation, prescription drugs, and conventional medical
treatments for the purpose of preventing and treating 110 diseases that were not being
effectively treated by conventional medicine alone.
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In 1996, Life Extension revealed the crucial importance of monitoring blood levels of
fibrinogen, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Since then, numerous
studies have confirmed that high levels of fibrinogen are indeed a heart attack and
stroke risk factor, just like high cholesterol levels.
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In 1996, Life Extension founded the first mail-order blood screening service that
offered state-of-the-art tests for age-related diseases directly to the public.
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In 1997, Life Extension published a new theory on why cells malfunction as they age
(decline in DNA methylation), and introduced several therapies that could help aging
cells to rejuvenate. These therapies, which have been documented by hundreds of
studies, are currently being prescribed for the treatment of depression, liver disease
and atherosclerosis.
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In 1997, Life Extension recommended that certain patients temporarily take a
combination of statin and COX-2 inhibiting drugs to inhibit cancer cell growth. Since
then, several studies have confirmed the anti-cancer effects of these drugs that are not
commonly associated with cancer therapy.
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In 1997, Life Extension warned about the dangers of taking only the “alpha
tocopherol” form of vitamin E. Since then, a number of published studies confirmed
that aging people would benefit by also taking the “gamma tocopherol” form of
vitamin E that Life Extension has long advocated.
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In 1997, Life Extension introduced a European discovery called s-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) that safely alleviated depression, arthritis and certain liver
disorders. A Harvard study published in 2010 showed that the use of SAMe increased
the response rate to conventional anti-depressant drugs by 105%!
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In 1998, Life Extension introduced to the United States a natural herbal supplement
(nettle root extract) that has been used for more than ten years in Europe to relieve the
symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy.
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In 1998, the FDA approved the anti-viral drug ribavirin for use in Hepatitis C patients.
The Foundation fought the FDA for 12 years to force them to approve this lifesaving
medication.
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In 1998, Life Extension warned how excess estrogen levels in aging men may be a
causative factor in the development of prostate cancer and provided easy and safe
methods to mitigate these effects.
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In 1998, Life Extension introduced Americans to a Japanese drug called
methylcobalamin, a form of vitamin B12 that was particularly effective in protecting
the brain against damaging excitotoxicity and also reversing the course of certain
neurological disorders.
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In 1999, Life Extension showed how vitamin C may prevent nitroglycerin drug
intolerance in patients with coronary artery disease.
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In 1999, Life Extension showed how certain FDA-approved estrogen drugs may not
protect against heart disease. A few years later, these very drugs were shown to
increase cardiovascular disease in women.
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The 21st Century: Atherosclerosis, fish oil
supplements, coenzyme Q10
2000–2003: Antioxidants, Stem Cells, Alzheimer's Disease
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In 2000, Life Extension revealed how COX-2 inhibiting drugs could increase pro-inflammatory factors in the
body, potentially leading to permanent joint damage and vascular disease. In 2004, one of these drugs (like
Vioxx®) was taken off the market because of increased risks of heart attack in those who took it. For the
COX-2 inhibiting drugs (like Celebrex®) that remain on the market, black-box warnings are now placed on
their label cautioning about increased heart attack risk when using these drugs.
In 2000, Life Extension unveiled a European therapy (polyenylphosphatidylcholine) that may protect against
fatty liver disease and Hepatitis C, alleviate pancreatitis and ease drug-induced gastric toxicity.
In 2000, Life Extension sponsored a bill that was passed and signed into law that enabled Americans to
obtain lower-cost prescription drugs from other countries. (This bill was later sabotaged by the FDA.)
In 2000, Life Extension introduced a combination therapy used in Europe to boost cognitive function and that
may alleviate the symptoms of senility.
In 2000, Life Extension conducted original research using carotid ultrasound tests to show that people taking
high doses of antioxidants over an extended period of time may be protected against atherosclerosis.
In 2000, Life Extension introduced members to revolutionary research to transform cloned stem cells into
tissues to replace diseased ones.
In 2001, Life Extension introduced high-dose carnosine to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts, a key molecular mechanism linked to premature aging and diabetic complications.
In 2001, Life Extension funded research to identify genes linked to aging, versus those that act to extend life.
This research has led to the discovery of agents that mimic the longevity-promoting effects of calorie
restriction.
In 2001, Life Extension published methods of suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the
development of multiple degenerative diseases.
In 2001, Life Extension recommended a drug to treat Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson’s disease called
memantine that had been used in Germany since 1991, but was not FDA approved. The FDA approved
memantine 2.5 years later.
In 2002, Life Extension documented that a large number of Americans are needlessly dying of anemia and
provided definitive methods to guard against this disorder.
In 2002, Life Extension showed that doctors are overlooking thyroid hormone deficiency because of the
improper interpretation of a common blood test.
In 2002, Life Extension introduced methylselenocysteine, the form of selenium found naturally in garlic and
broccoli that protects against mammary tumor development.
In 2003, Life Extension advised members to stock up on an anti-viral drug called Tamiflu® in case they were
exposed to the common flu virus. Two years late, the world became so frightened about a potential SARS
virus pandemic that Tamiflu® disappeared from pharmacy shelves worldwide. Foundation members who
heeded Life Extension’s early warning already had their personal supply of Tamiflu® in their medicine
cabinet.
In 2003, Life Extension introduced the first therapeutic program to slow the progression of Parkinson’s
disease.
In 2003, Life Extension published research showing that topical and orally ingested antioxidants can prevent
and reverse skin aging.
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In 2003, Life Extension revealed an effective strategy for reducing the frequency and intensity of debilitating
migraine headaches by restoring hormone balance.
In 2003, Life Extension warned that eating foods cooked at high temperatures (over 250 degrees Fahrenheit)
promoted weight gain and damaged the body’s proteins in a way that accelerated the aging process.
In 2003, Life Extension discovered that the drug metformin could mimic many of the beneficial effects of
calorie restriction. The findings from Life Extension’s study were published in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences.
In 2003, Life Extension introduced a plant extract to protect against DNA mutations and neutralize
carcinogens.
2004–2006: Osteoporosis, Fish Oil Supplements, Diabetes
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In 2004, Life Extension warned of the hidden dangers of osteoporosis in men.
In 2004, Life Extension introduced a novel fiber that reduces after-meal insulin release and limits
carbohydrate absorption.
In 2004, Life Extension reported that optimal glucose levels should be lower than current guidelines to reduce
heart attack risk by 40%. Soon after, national standards for the upper-scale limit of blood glucose were
lowered, but still not to the lower levels recommended by Life Extension.
In 2005, Life Extension conducted a clinical study showing that sesame lignans significantly enhance the
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of gamma tocopherol. Furthermore, Life Extension reported that
standardized sesame seed lignans increase vitamin E activity and enhance the benefits of borage and fish oil
supplements.
In 2005, Life Extension announced the startling finding that PSA (prostate-specific antigen) itself could
promote prostate cancer and provided novel methods to lower PSA levels in aging men.
In 2005, Life Extension revealed how olive fruit polyphenols could boost beneficial HDL.
In 2005, Life Extension conducted a clinical study showing that an orally ingested agent could naturally
increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the body. SOD and catalase are naturally produced
antioxidants that are more potent than orally ingested antioxidants.
In 2005, Life Extension reported on a powerful phytochemical that suppresses the growth of prostate cancer
cells. Derived from milk thistle extract, this novel compound, isosilybin B, may also protect the prostate
gland by reducing the secretion of PSA.
In 2005, The National Academy of Sciences released a report confirming Life Extension’s position that X-rays
at any dose pose health risks to humans.
In 2005, Life Extension alerted the public to the disease-causing toxins present in fish, and provided a
strategy for safely capturing the health-promoting benefits of fish oil.
In 2005, Life Extension reported the startling news that conventional sunscreens may not prevent skin cancer
and revealed how you can help protect yourself against skin cancer using topical antioxidants.
In 2005, Life Extension uncovered data showing that blueberry extract can help reverse the memory and
motor impairments associated with aging.
In 2005, Life Extension revealed an effective strategy for reducing the frequency and intensity of debilitating
migraine headaches using an herbal extract from Europe, and for restoring youthful hormones balance.
In 2006, Life Extension introduced a novel method of capturing the health-promoting benefits of caloric
restriction without hunger.
In 2006, Life Extension revealed a new method for lowering homocysteine levels that fail to respond to
standard nutritional therapies.
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In 2006, Life Extension set forth a comprehensive strategy for guarding against metabolic syndrome, a
deadly, often-overlooked condition that drastically increases the risk of heart attack, stroke and diabetes.
In 2006, Life Extension revealed why vegetarians do not live that much longer than meat-eaters and how easy
it is to correct this problem by supplementing with one critical nutrient (carnosine).
In 2006, Life Extension exposed how drug companies are seeking to shut down compounding pharmacies
that offer Americans access to safer and less expensive drugs.
In 2006, Life Extension warned readers about an FDA-approved fish oil drug that is priced 797% higher than
what consumers pay for the same amount of EPA/DHA in supplement form.
In 2006, Life Extension showed how a novel form of vitamin K could guard against arterial calcification and
osteoporosis.
In 2006, Life Extension presented a summary of cumulative findings showing how the proper intake of a plant
extract could reverse atherosclerosis and slow the progression of prostate cancer.
In 2006, Life Extension identified how one missing plant extract was responsible for the epidemic of macular
degeneration afflicting aging humans.
In 2006, Life Extension introduced a form of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinol) that is vastly superior to commercial
CoQ10 supplements in absorbing into the human bloodstream, reducing fatigue and slowing age-related
markers.
In 2006, Life Extension published findings about how cruciferous vegetable extracts may prevent certain
human cancers.
In 2006, Life Extension uncovered findings to show that new stem cell formation can be promoted in the body
by ingesting commonly available nutrients.
In 2006, Life Extension exposed how the American FDA was attempting to censor truthful information about
the health benefits of fruits and vegetables.
2007-2009: Vitamin D, Hormones, Prostate Cancer
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In 2007, Life Extension revealed how ubiquinol CoQ10 reversed congestive heart
failure in cases where conventional CoQ10 was shown to be ineffective.
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In 2007, Life Extension ascertained what dose of green tea was required to protect
against certain cancers and vascular diseases, and why drinking only a few cups of
green tea a day is not enough.
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In 2007, Life Extension showed how cancer cells lurk in the prostate glands of many
aging men, and how to inhibit an enzyme (5-lipoxygenase) that enables these isolated
malignant cells to develop into full-blown prostate cancer.
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In 2007, Life Extension showed that those drinking bottled water were at significant
risk of a lethal magnesium deficiency.
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In 2007, Life Extension revealed one overlooked reason why humans contract the flu
much more frequently in winter months and what could be done to guard against this.
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In 2007, Life Extension revealed published findings about how people with higher
blood levels of vitamin E slashed their risk of dying over a 19-year period and showed
that it was not possible to attain adequate vitamin E levels through diet alone.
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In 2007, Life Extension unveiled a comprehensive program to sharply reduce the high
cost of prescription drugs while also protecting consumers against dangerous side
effects.
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In 2007, Life Extension showed for the first time how Coumadin® (warfarin) drug
users could safely benefit from low-dose vitamin K. Most doctors still tell their
Coumadin® patients to avoid even foods that contain vitamin K, whereas Life
Extension showed that most Coumadin® users can benefit from consistent low-dose
vitamin K, which can help stabilize coagulation markers in the blood while protecting
against arterial calcification and bone density loss — two common side effects
associated with this drug.
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In 2007, Life Extension showed that low blood levels of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA
and DHA are independent risk factors for heart attack and angina.
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In 2007, Life Extension exposed how pharmaceutical special interests were seeking to
ban over-the-counter sales of DHEA so they could sell this safe, anti-aging hormone
as a prescription drug. Life Extension members inundated Congress with protests and
prevented DHEA from being removed from the supplement marketplace.
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In 2007, Life Extension uncovered five anti-cancer drugs that the FDA was not
approving, despite human clinical studies documenting both safety and efficacy. Life
Extension organized patient advocate groups to contact their members of Congress to
protest the unjust denial of these medications to terminally ill cancer patients. One of
these drugs (Provenge®) was finally approved by the FDA in 2010.
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In 2007, Life Extension alerted its members about the potential danger of inhaled
insulin drug therapy. The company making this drug soon took it off the market.
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In 2007, Life Extension compiled data showing that supplementing with higher-dose
vitamin D could significantly reduce the risk of the most common age-related
disorders, including cancer, chronic inflammation and heart disease. The Foundation
wrote the President of the United States urging that a national emergency be declared
to urge every adult to consume at least 1000 IU a day of vitamin D. The Foundation
also offered to donate 50,000 one-year-supply bottles of vitamin D to the federal
government to give to those who could not afford this low-cost supplement.
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In 2007, Life Extension showed how mainstream oncologists are failing to optimally
prescribe FDA-approved therapies and offered a practical solution for cancer patients
to consider.
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In 2007, Life Extension reported on an enhanced form of ubiquinol CoQ10 that was
shown to absorb into the blood even better than the ubiquinol Life Extension had
introduced to the world just one year prior.
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In 2007, Life Extension unveiled its multi-pronged scientific research program to
more efficiently develop new cancer drugs.
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In 2008, Life Extension revealed how the consumption of specific plant lignans can
slash prostate cancer risk.
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In 2008, Life Extension published the "Seven Pillars to Successful Weight Loss" that
identified why virtually all fat-loss programs fail and provided a comprehensive
scientific rationale to induce weight loss in aging humans.
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In 2008, Life Extension published confirmatory data that radiation from medical xrays and especially highly radioactive CAT scans increase risk of cancer.
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In 2008, Life Extension published data showing why more Americans are depressed,
overweight and suffer sleep disturbances than ever before. The Foundation then
revealed a novel method to enable tryptophan supplements to safely increase brain
serotonin to improve mood, decrease carbohydrate craving and facilitate restful sleep.
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In 2008, Life Extension found itself in the unusual position of defending the proper
use of statin drugs in high-risk patient groups when the media misinterpreted some
scientific reports. Most Foundation members, however, find they can achieve optimal
cholesterol, LDL and HDL using safer natural approaches, rather than drugs.
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In 2008, Life Extension issued a meticulous rebuttal to the FDA’s attack against bioidentical hormones and provided a scientific rationale for using natural testosterone
and estrogen to reverse certain manifestations of aging.
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In 2008, Life Extension published a report titled “The FDA Indicts Itself,” where for
the first time the FDA itself admitted it was scientifically incapable and incompetent
to keep up with medical discoveries.
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In 2008, Life Extension uncovered an orally ingested supplement that protects the skin
from solar radiation.
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In 2008, Life Extension announced a startling breakthrough whereby the clinical
course of Alzheimer’s disease was reversed. The Foundation then announced it was
funding an expanded research program to validate the remarkable cognitive
improvements observed in Alzheimer’s patients receiving this novel drug therapy.
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In 2008, Life Extension uncovered topical agents being used in Europe to reverse the
outward appearance of cellulite.
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In 2008, Life Extension launched a political campaign to radically overhaul the FDA.
The Foundation’s position paper revealed how the FDA is the major impediment to
life-saving advances in medicine.
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In 2009, Life Extension analyzed 13,892 blood tests measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D
levels in a group of dedicated supplement users and discovered that 85.7% had
insufficient vitamin D status. This unprecedented analysis of achieved vitamin D
serum levels in a large group of high-dose supplement users reveals that most aging
people require a dose of 5,000 IU or higher of this critical disease-preventing nutrient.
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In 2009, Life Extension uncovered a glaring omission by most in the conventional
medical establishment and verified Life Extension’s previous recommendations that
those developing any symptom of influenza, swine flu or even the common cold
should implement immediate treatment with specific nutrients, hormones, and antiviral
drugs with the objective of eradicating the infectious agent within 24 hours of the first
symptom appearing.
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In 2009, Life Extension introduced an oral form of cyanocobalamin vitamin B12 that
absorbs up to 10 times better.
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In 2009, Life Extension cut through the heated debate on statin drugs and revealed
why the Vytorin® trial failed to live up to conventional medicine’s expectations. In
this rare instance, Life Extension found itself defending the interest of a
pharmaceutical company that appeared to be too overwhelmed by negative media
coverage to put this study in proper scientific context.
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In 2009, Life Extension reiterated its long-standing position that inadequate vitamin D
intake was directly responsible for millions of needless deaths.
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In 2009, Life Extension introduced Americans to a non-invasive diagnostic procedure
available in Europe to detect the presence of small, and otherwise undetectable, lymph
node lesions in patients with cancer.
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In 2009, Life Extension revealed how the FDA is in worse shape than anyone ever
imagined and spearheaded a new public relations drive to raise the public’s awareness
of the state-sponsored “carnage” of the American citizenry.
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In 2009, Life Extension documented how the public suffers widespread deficiencies of
nutrients (like selenium, vitamins C, D, and E) while the mainstream media alleged
that these same nutrients provide no health benefits. Life Extension then meticulously
exposed how horrifically flawed studies were used to support the media’s baseless
assertions.
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In 2009, obese Americans were shown for the first time to outnumber those who are
merely overweight. Life Extension published overlooked research findings indicating
substantial fat-loss effects in response to the proper use of bioidentical hormones,
certain prescription drugs, and nutrients, along with lifestyle changes. The reason
these proven weight-loss strategies have still not caught on, the Foundation asserted, is
that when used in isolation, they often fail to meet the expectations of corpulent
individuals. In an eye-opening report, Life Extension revealed how to interpret blood
test results to utilize an armada of medications, natural hormones, and lifestyle
alterations that can safely induce substantial and sustainable weight loss.
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In 2009, a proven anti-glycating nutrient especially beneficial for diabetic-related
kidney disease (pyridoxamine) was banned by the FDA. In this instance, the FDA
bowed to pharmaceutical financial interests by reclassifying this natural B-vitamin as a
drug. Life Extension uncovered how the FDA’s politically biased decision may
condemn millions to needless suffering and organized a protest to The White House
seeking to reverse the FDA’s heinous capitulation to a pharmaceutical company.
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In 2009 in a shocking exposé, Life Extension uncovered how a corrupt regulatory
system causes generic drug prices to be far higher than they should be. A free market
solution was then proposed that would save consumers up to 94% on generic drugs,
slashing prices in some cases to only pennies a day!
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In 2009, Life Extension unveiled new blood test ranges to optimally reduce one’s risk
of suffering a heart attack and stroke. Contrary to conventional medicine, these new
science-based blood test ranges enable aging humans to slash their odds of contracting
vascular disease.
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In 2009, absurd lies promulgated by Big Pharma and enforced with FDA police-state
powers were causing females to be prescribed dangerous hormone drugs instead of
bioidentical hormones long recommended by Life Extension. To educate the media,
physicians, and academia, Life Extension published a meticulously documented White
Paper that assembled a plethora of research indicating that women may safely benefit
from individual doses of natural estrogens and progesterone combined with healthy
lifestyles.
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In 2009, Life Extension analyzed results from 13,892 blood tests in members who had
their levels of vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) evaluated over an 18-month period.
The results revealed a startling 85% of these supplement users had insufficient levels
(under 50 ng/mL) of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. This revelation enabled Life Extension®
members to increase their intake of this low-cost vitamin to 5,000–10,000 IU each day
to achieve optimal levels of this health-protecting nutrient.
2010 and the Future ...
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In 2010, a landmark study of caloric restriction in primates demonstrating a three-fold
reduction in mortality, confirming what Life Extension published 30 years prior. This
led to development of a formulation that provides five natural compounds shown to
mimic effects of caloric restriction on gene expression without severe dietary
modification.
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In 2010, to counter the abnormally high blood sugar and dangerous pre-diabetic state
suffered by an estimated 60 million Americans, Life Extension uncovered a novel
group of enzyme-inhibitors shown to control glucose levels, improve blood markers of
health, and regain glycemic balance.
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In 2010, Life Extension added shilajit to its ubiquinol CoQ10 formulation to better
enhance mitochondrial energy output.
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In 2010, Life Extension stressed the benefits of pomegranate, resveratrol, and
quercetin in enhancing a little-recognized blood enzyme called PON-1 (paraoxonase1). Optimized levels of PON-1 have demonstrated the ability to block lipid
peroxidation and may serve as a potent defense against heart disease, metabolic
syndrome, arthritis, and certain cancers.
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In 2010, Life Extension reported that curcuminoids and andrographolides, a set of
safe, multi-targeted natural agents, have been identified to disrupt the inflammatory
cascade involved in rheumatoid arthritis and reduce joint swelling, pain, and stiffness.
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In 2010, Life Extension was once again vindicated in its 30-year crusade to expose
financial and scientific fraud as pharmaceutical giant Pfizer was forced to pay the
largest criminal fine ever imposed in the United States ($1.195 billion). This fine was
a result of government claims that Pfizer illegally promoted the sale of its arthritis
drug Bextra® for uses and doses the FDA specifically declined to approve due to
safety concerns. (Bextra is a COX-2 inhibitor, a drug class that Life Extension warned
its members against taking in year 2000.)
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In 2010, Life Extension reported that Hibiscus sabdariffa, similar to the cranberry,
prevents bacteria that cause urinary tract infections from adhering to the lining of the
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urinary tract and bladder. Compared to the cranberry in vitro, hibiscus demonstrated a
stronger antimicrobial effect — especially against Candida albicans, the fungus
responsible for yeast infections.
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In 2010, Life Extension announced a revolutionary new test, currently available in
Europe that measures the characteristics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and allows
for specific conventional and natural treatments to be tailored to cancer patients.
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In 2010, Life Extension reminded male Life Extension members about the critical
need to maintain estrogen blood levels between 20–30 pg/mL. This longstanding
recommendation was confirmed the year before when the Journal of the American
Medical Association published a study that showed men with unbalanced estrogen
levels were up to 317% more likely to die from heart failure.
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In 2010, to combat chronic kidney disease suffered by 26 million Americans, Life
Extension recommended clinically supported interventions such as CoQ10, silymarin,
resveratrol, and lipoic acid in addition to nutrients like pyridoxal 5’-phosphate, folate,
omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins C and E.
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In 2010, a groundbreaking scientific study, partially funded by the Life Extension
Foundation and published in the journal Regenerative Medicine, demonstrated that the
aging of human cells can be reversed in vitro.
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In 2010, Life Extension published original research using its own member’s blood test
results that revealed a startling 86% of men had less than optimal testosterone levels.
Aside from waning sexual performance, depression, and diminished strength, low
testosterone has been definitively linked to men’s risk of death from all causes.

In 2010, Life Extension reported on a strawberry extract called fisetin that has been
shown to enhance the calorie restriction mimetic action of resveratrol.

In 2010, the Life Extension Foundation stepped up its funding of a human clinical trial
of an immune augmentation therapy that has been shown to cure cancer in mice.

In 2010, the federal government admitted that radiation from CT scans contributes to
29,000 cases of cancer in one year and 15,000 needless deaths. Since its inception,
Life Extension warned its members to avoid any kind of medical X-ray unless
absolutely necessary because of increased cancer risks.

In 2010, Life Extension reported that omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with
increased volume of the brain’s gray matter. Normal aging results in a loss of brain
mass.

In 2010, following the remarkable discovery that blood vessel cells can transform into
bone-forming cells — confirming a link between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis —
Life Extension maintained its advocacy of regularly supplementing with vitamin K,
which optimizes bone mineralization and prevents calcium deposits in vascular tissue.

In 2010, Life Extension unveiled a multi-modal weight loss program that for the first
time combines the use of natural hormones, certain drugs, and novel nutrients that
attack the underlying causes of age-related weight gain.
12

In 2010, the FDA finally approved Provenge® to treat prostate cancer. Life Extension
had battled the FDA to have Provenge® approved for nearly a decade. The FDA’s
delay of this immune-boosting therapy is calculated to have caused 82,000 lost life
years.

In 2010, Life Extension, which has urged supplementation with vitamin K since the
late 1990s, reported compelling clinical evidence showing that vitamin K can prevent,
and in some cases treat, a variety of common and dangerous cancers.

In 2010, Life Extension introduced a novel compound called PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline
quinone), that has been shown to rejuvenate aging cells by promoting the growth of
new mitochondria.

In 2010, Life Extension reported that the berry extract C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside)
has demonstrated the ability to enhance visual acuity in low-light conditions.

In 2010, Life Extension introduced a patented, clinically supported wheat oil
ingredient shown to rehydrate dry aged skin from within.

In 2010, Life Extension reported on a safer, better, and clinically proven form of
chromium that has been shown to improve glucose control and insulin sensitivity in a
study of diabetics taking one of three common oral hypoglycemic medications.

In 2011, Life Extension reports that new research confirms blueberry polyphenols,
previously reported to support cognitive health, also target factors that contribute to
metabolic syndrome, including high blood sugar, high blood pressure, insulin
resistance, and adverse lipid blood profiles.

In 2011, Life Extension reports a landmark aging-reversal study published in the
November 28, 2010, online edition of the scientific journal Nature which showed that
prematurely aged mice whose telomeres were lengthened experienced a rapid reversal
of degenerative pathologies. In response to this unprecedented finding, Life Extension
funds $2 million for a new aging-reversal study that will include telomere lengthening.

In 2011, Life Extension introduces a proprietary complex of bioactive milk peptides,
widely used in Europe to promote sustained and restful sleep patterns and promote a
healthy response to stress.

In 2011, Life Extension introduces fucoidans, the long-chain molecules found
primarily in edible seaweeds native to the Japanese diet. In nearly 900 different
studies, fucoidans are shown to promote healthy immune function, cell-to-cell
communication, and tissue repair. Many experts believe that fucoidans are one of the
key nutrients responsible for the long healthy lives of people in Okinawa, which for
decades boasted the world’s highest concentration of centenarians.

In 2011, Life Extension exposed how the FDA's failure to allow widespread use of
low-dose aspirin resulted in three million needless cancer deaths in the United States.
In an eye-opening report published by Oxford University in The Lancet in 2010, longterm low-dose aspirin therapy (75 mg per day) reduced the overall risk of cancer death
by 20%. These findings demonstrate that low-dose aspirin therapy could have saved
millions from cancer and vascular diseases since Life Extension first recommended
daily aspirin use in 1983.
13

In 2011, Life Extension published a book (Pharmocracy) that exposed how inefficient
and corrupt government practices stifle medical innovation and cause healthcare prices
to spiral out of control. Pharmocracy advocates the repeal of draconian laws that have
granted a virtual monopoly to the entrenched medical establishment and warns the
nation's solvency is at stake unless free market reforms are implemented.

In 2011, Life Extension identified more therapies being irrationally suppressed by the
FDA that could save the lives of cancer victims.

In 2011, Life Extension revealed the lethal dangers of even one omission. In this
instance, it appears that legendary health guru Jack LaLanne died too early from a
disorder that could have been prevented.

In 2011, Life Extension introduced a novel green coffee extract shown to induce
weight loss by inhibiting absorption of calories from starches and sugars while
lowering lipids and inhibiting after-meal blood glucose spikes.

In 2011, at the French-American BioTech Symposium, Dr. Michael West presented
data on the restoration of cell life span using transcriptional reprogramming
technology. This was funded in part with funds contributed by the Life Extension
Foundation.

In 2012, in an effort to combat the increasing incidence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
Disease, Life Extension introduced a phyto-supplement containing extracts from the
adaptogenic vine Schisandra chinensis and from muskmelon. This formulation helps
to detoxify the liver and restore its antioxidant function to youthful levels.

In 2012, to help support healthy blood pressure, Life Extension formulated a product
featuring oleuropein, a compound found in high concentration in the olive leaf, which
has been shown to favorably modulate arterial resistance or stiffness.

In 2012, Life Extension published findings on a non-toxic experimental treatment it
funded that resulted in 80% survival of women with stage IV breast cancer.

In 2013, Life Extension introduced the first enzyme formulation that facilitates
digestion of dietary protein, fiber, and fat — without promoting the breakdown of
starches and the rapid absorption of glucose into the bloodstream that triggers
postprandial glucose surges.

In 2013, Life Extension researchers analyzed 12 independent studies that evaluated
blood glucose levels and breast cancer risk and found that 9 of the studies revealed a
correlation between higher fasting glucose, or other indicators of poor glycemic
control, and increased risk of cancer.

In 2013, to enhance the body’s absorption of astaxanthin, Life Extension formulated
this antioxidant carotenoid with phospholipids, clinically shown to boost astaxanthin
absorption several-fold.

In 2013, Life Extension introduced a formula utilizing the digestive enzyme
transglucosidase, which is scientifically shown to transform starches into prebiotic
fiber in the digestive tract, helping to support healthy glucose and insulin levels.
14
Membership in the non-profit Life Extension Foundation® is at an all-time high. Life
Extension is growing because people are becoming aware that recommendations published by
the Foundation in the early 1980s are now scientifically validated, and many are even
accepted by the medical establishment.
The Life Extension Foundation® disseminates this practical life-saving information each
month to its members in Life Extension Magazine®. Membership normally costs $75 a year,
but members save far more than this on blood tests, compounded prescription drugs, state-ofthe-art nutritional supplements, and free telephone access to knowledgeable Health Advisors.
http://www.lef.org/Vitamins-Supplements/Recommended-Supplements/index.htm
12 Steps to Achieving Ultimate Health
Take the guesswork out of what aging humans should do to extend their productive lives, Life
Extension® publishes an annual list of the best-documented nutrients and hormones.
When compiling this Daily Dozen list, the primary factor Life Extension considers is the
preponderance of scientific evidence that substantiates the biological benefits of each
compound recommended.
Next, Life Extension examines the cost-to-benefit ratio enabling consumers to obtain the
maximum degree of protection at a reasonable price. This means that more expensive choices
are ruled out if a lower cost item provides a similar degree of effectiveness.
Finally, convenience plays a very important part. Life Extension wants to make sure that
consumers obtain the maximum potency available in the fewest numbers of capsules or tablets
swallowed each day.
Life Extension provides this Daily Dozen list as a guide for normal aging people to follow.
Some of you, however, may have individual product questions that require customized
attention. As a Life Extension member, you enjoy unlimited phone access to our Life
Extension Health Advisors. If you are in need of individual assistance, feel free to call the
toll-free advisor line at 1-800-226-2370 and speak with a knowledgeable advisor who can
assist you in developing a personalized regimen.
http://www.lef.org/Vitamins-Supplements/Recommended-Supplements/Multivitamins-Minerals.htm
15
Recommendation #1: Life Extension Mix™
Now with an even more effective form of
Selenium!
Don’t Die from a Deficiency
An abundance of published scientific research reveals that many common problems afflicting
the aged are attributable to a lack of specific nutrients in the diet. Considering that low-cost
supplements are available to guard against these deficiency syndromes, it amounts to personal
negligence if one does not at least take their basic daily vitamins and minerals.
Few doctors are aware of how shockingly deficient Americans are in essential nutrients. We
are not talking about the benefits of taking higher-potency vitamin supplements right now.
Instead, we are down to the fundamental fact that the vast majority of Americans fail to obtain
even the tiny amount of nutrients in their diets that the medical establishment itself says are
needed.
For example, over the past several years scientists have validated the critical role vitamin D
plays in regulating a host of bodily functions. These findings link insufficient blood levels of
vitamin D to common age-related problems. Startling evidence of this widespread vitamin D
insufficiency has led to recommendations for Americans to increase their vitamin D intake to
5,000 IU per day and higher. While most multivitamin supplements contain only 400-600 IU
of vitamin D, Life Extension has upped that to 2,000 IU in both the Life Extension Mix™
and Two-Per-Day formulas. Most Life Extension members also take a 5,000 IU softgel of
vitamin D3 each day to achieve optimal blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which are
between 50-80 ng/mL.
A huge study was published in early 2013 in the prestigious American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition. It looked at blood levels of vitamin D (measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D) in 9,949
people aged 50-74 for a median of 9.5 years. Compared to those with sufficient vitamin D
levels, those who were deficient had a 71% higher rate of dying from any cause. Being
vitamin D deficient was associated with a 42% greater risk of dying of cancer, 39% greater
risk of dying from cardiovascular disease and a 250% greater risk of dying from respiratory
disease. This study documented the dangers of inadequate vitamin D intake, yet the vast
majority of people fail to maintain optimal vitamin D blood levels, something that can be
easily corrected with low-cost supplements.
Epidemic Deficiency of Vitamin E
Many Americans supplement with vitamin E to obtain antioxidant benefits from this
particular nutrient. The federal government, however, says that only 15 mg of vitamin E
(22.5 IU) (in the form of d-alpha tocopherol) are needed. The Journal of The American
Dietetic Association says that 93% of American men and 96% of American women do not
even consume the federal government’s recommended 15 mg (22.5 IU) of vitamin E in their
diets!1 This means that virtually all Americans who fail to supplement are at serious risk of
suffering a vitamin E deficiency.
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How Dangerous Is It To Be Deficient In Vitamin E?
In November of 2006, the largest study in medical history was published using blood levels of
vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) as the marker of vitamin E status. The purpose of this study was
to correlate baseline vitamin E levels with specific causes of death and overall mortality with
a follow up over a19-year period. There were 29,092 subjects initially enrolled and 13,380
deaths available for analysis.2 The study results showed a significant reduction in overall
mortality in the quintiles of highest blood levels of vitamin E compared to the lowest quintile.
Based on these statistics, an editorial published in this same journal asked why doctors ever
questioned the importance of vitamin E supplements.3 The editorial went on to emphasize the
importance of obtaining the amount of vitamin E necessary. When analyzing fine details of
this largest human study on vitamin E, the editors stated that the amount of this nutrient
needed to achieve the optimal results could be achieved “ only with supplements.”
Vitamin E Deficiency Accelerates Age-Related Decline
In the January 2008 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the
findings from a study that measured vitamin E levels in people 65 years and older was
published. The results showed that those with the lowest blood levels of vitamin E were 60%
more likely to suffer physical decline over the three-year follow-up period.4
The study’s authors concluded: “These results provide empirical evidence that a low serum
concentration of vitamin E is associated with subsequent decline in physical function among
community-living older adults.”
What continues to be overlooked by doctors who make recommendations to the public is the
critical need for those who supplement with the alpha tocopherol form of vitamin E to also
take the gamma tocopherol form. Remarkable benefits have been observed with higher
levels of alpha and gamma tocopherol in the body.
Vitamin E Is Only One of Many Deficient Nutrients
Sadly, most diets fail to provide even the minimum amounts of nutrients even according to
the low government recommended daily intakes. As a result, Americans suffer egregious
deficits of vital nutrients such as magnesium, potassium,5 vitamin B6, vitamin B56 and
vitamin D.7
Fortunately, it is easy to obtain potent doses of these basic nutrients in multi-nutrient
formulas.
Despite constant media publicity aimed at consumers by government health agencies and
private organizations, the majority of Americans still do not eat enough fruits and vegetables
every day. Increasingly, scientists are telling Americans that they must consume these kinds
of plants in order to avoid a host of age-related problems.
As part of a formulation that already provides the world’s broadest spectrum of botanical
extracts, Life Extension Mix™ includes maqui berry and tart cherry for greater antioxidant
support,8-16 C3G (Cyanidin-3-Glucoside) (a cutting-edge flavonoid compound
17
fromblackcurrant17-21 extract) that helps to support night vision22-25 … and Indian
gooseberry26-28 extract,as part of Crominex® 3+, an advanced chromium complex that helps
support healthy glucose metabolism in those already within normal range.29
Along with over two dozen other fruit and vegetable extracts,30-32 Life Extension Mix™
provides high-potency vitamins, minerals, and amino acids that form the cornerstone of a
comprehensive health maintenance program.
Standardized Pomegranate Extract
The pomegranate extract contained in Life Extension Mix™ is standardized to provide the
biologically active punicalagins that are so unique to this fruit.
Pomegranate punicalagins are 100% water-soluble and have shown a remarkable 95%
absorption rate.33 When tested against popular antioxidant food extracts, pomegranate
demonstrated the most potent free radical-suppressing effects. This means that pomegranate
punicalagins not only absorb much better than other natural antioxidants, but they also have a
superior antioxidant capacity.
Peer-reviewed published human and animal studies show that pomegranate helps maintain
healthy cardiovascular function.34-37 Pomegranate also has the unique property of helping to
maintain healthy DNA structure in the prostate cells.38-42
The daily dose of Life Extension Mix™ provides the pomegranate extract which is
standardized to provide the punicalagins and other polyphenols found in up to 2.6 ounces of
pomegranate juice.
Standardized Blueberry Extract
Blueberry anthocyanins are potent antioxidants that have demonstrated properties that extend
well beyond suppressing free radicals.
For instance, blueberries have been shown to not only improve memory, but to also help with
some of the degenerative changes seen in aging neurons. 43,44 One study showed that the
ability of blueberries to suppress free radicals and inflammation in the rat brain was analogous
to long-term calorie restriction.44 These findings hint that blueberries might be able to reverse
certain aspects of brain aging!
Blueberry’s other active constituent (pterostilbene) helps maintain already normal lipid and
glucose levels.45 Even more exciting is that these blueberry constituents (pterostilbene and
anthocyanins) may help maintain healthy DNA structure.46-50
Life Extension Mix™ contains standardized wild blueberry extract that provides the most
active constituents found in this health-promoting fruit
Standardized Green Tea Extract
The Life Extension Foundation® introduced green tea extract as a supplement in 1993 based
on epidemiological studies showing that people who consumed green tea had lower
18
incidences of common health issues.51 Over the past 20 years, an enormous volume of
positive studies has been published about the health benefits of green tea.
Scientists have looked at the active polyphenol constituents of green tea and have found that
they possess remarkable biological activities that include inhibiting LDL oxidation and
neuronal peroxidation, while maintaining healthy DNA structure.52-64
Life Extension Mix™ contains 325 mg of a decaffeinated green tea extract that is
standardized to provide the active polyphenol that scientists attribute to green tea’s multiple
health benefits.
The amount of polyphenols [including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)] in the daily dose
of Life Extension Mix™ is equivalent to drinking about one and a half cups of green tea per
day. And green tea powdered extracts have been shown to absorb 60%–90% better in the
bloodstream 65 and to be far more bioavailable than drinking green tea itself.
Standardized Vegetable Extracts
Luteolin is a flavonoid found in parsley, artichoke, basil, celery, and other foods. When
measured against other flavonoids, luteolin provided one of the highest levels of DNA
protection.66
One favorable mechanism of luteolin is its ability to inhibit oxidative damage to cellular
DNA. Another unique benefit is luteolin’s ability to suppress excess levels of dangerous
inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and interleukin-1b.67-72
Life Extension Mix™ contains a standardized dose of 8 mg of luteolin, a dose that emulates
the benefits seen in published scientific studies.
Broccoli is touted as one of the most important vegetables to maintain healthy DNA gene
structure. Broccoli contains several active constituents, with sulforaphane being the most
significant because of its unique detoxification and DNA-protecting effects. Life Extension
Mix™provides a concentrated broccoli mixture that provides standardized extracts of
sulforaphane and glucosinolates, two compounds attributed to broccoli’s multiple protective
benefits. Broccoli is also a natural source of gene-protecting chlorophyll.73-81
D-glucarate is a phytonutrient found in grapefruit, apples, oranges, broccoli, and Brussels
sprouts. D-glucarate effectively supports a detoxification process that helps to remove DNA
toxins from the body.82-84 The daily dose of Life Extension Mix™ provides 200 mg of
calcium D-glucarate (supplying 175 mg of D-glucarate).
Lutein, found in spinach and collard greens, has been shown to help maintain critical
pigments in the eye macula,85 whereas lycopene from tomatoes has shown potent effects in
helping to maintain DNA structure and protecting against LDL oxidation.86-92
Life Extension Mix™ contains 60 times more lutein and 10 times more lycopene compared
to a leading conventional multi-vitamin tablet. Most multivitamin supplements provide no
vegetable extracts whatsoever.
Standardized Fruit Extracts
19
In addition to standardized pomegranate and wild blueberry extracts, Life Extension Mix™
is also fortified with fruit extracts such as bilberry fruit, grape seed, and citrus bioflavonoids
to protect against oxidative stress, provide healthy circulation throughout the body and
maintain healthy DNA.
Scientists have long touted the multiple benefits of fruits such as blueberry, blackberry,
cranberry, prunes, elderberry, persimmon, and cherry. This enhanced Life Extension Mix™
provides a customized blend of these and other fruits that studies indicate provide multiple
favorable effects in the body. That includes maqui berry and tart cherry for their
antioxidant benefits to support heart health as well as muscle and joint function.93-104
Olive oil consumption is one of the important factors behind the health benefits of the
Mediterranean diet.105,106 Researchers have discovered that there are up to 300 times more
polyphenol compounds in olive water compared to olive oil.107 Olive polyphenols have been
the subject of numerous in vitro, in vivo, and human studies pointing toward their benefits in
many different areas, including protecting against LDL oxidation, suppressing free radicals,
and stabilizing cell membranes.105-111 Life Extension Mix™ contains an olive extract
standardized to provide hydroxytyrosol.112
Lignans Enhance the Effects of Vitamin E
Sesame and its lignans have a broad range of applications in human health. This includes
increasing human tissue levels of vitamin E by facilitating carrier proteins in the liver to
deliver nutrients to cells throughout the body.113,114
Sesame lignans increase the beneficial effects of fish oils, help regulate LDL oxidation, and
help maintain already healthy cholesterol/LDL levels in those already within normal range.115118
Life Extension Mix™ provides 10 mg of a sesame seed lignan extract to supply the direct
benefits of the lignans, and augment the effects of vitamin E, gamma tocopherol and other
nutrients in the body such as gamma linolenic acid.
Life Extension Mix™ contains the sodium selenite, selenomethionine, and Se-methyl Lselenocysteine forms of selenium. Each one of these selenium compounds provides unique
biological benefits. Some scientific evidence suggests that consumption of selenium may
reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer;however, the FDA has determined that this evidence
is limited and not conclusive.
Maintaining Already-Healthy Blood Glucose Levels
Chromium, along with magnesium and biotin, are nutrients required to maintain already
normal blood sugar levels.119-131 So Life Extension Mix™ provides 500 mcg of a highly
stable, biologically active chromium complex with Capros®Amla (a standardized Indian
gooseberry extract) and PrimaVie®Shilajit (a proprietary form of this adaptogen). Called
Crominex® 3+, this cutting-edge chromium compound helps support normal cellular glucose
absorption, healthy endothelial function, healthy lipid and triglyceride levels, and normal
cellular energy production. In addition, this Life Extension Mix™formulation provides
highly absorbable forms of magnesium, and a super high-potency biotin. A review of studies
20
showing benefits of magnesium and chromium supplementation reveals that these higher
doses are required for optimal effects.132-138
High Potency Vitamin D3
Doctors used to be concerned that too much vitamin D could be toxic. Over the past few
years, however, an increasing body of evidence indicates that it typically takes much higher
doses of vitamin D to inflict toxicity on a healthy person. Recent studies show that higher
potencies are needed to combat the widespread vitamin D deficiency.139,140 However, that
lingering fear of vitamin D toxicity is keeping many people from supplementing with enough
vitamin D, which is critical for maintaining bone density, healthy cell division and immune
health.141-150
In response to studies showing that even those who take standard RDA vitamin D
supplements are not obtaining adequate amounts, Life Extension Mix™ provides 2,000 IU of
vitamin D3 per daily dose (most Life Extension members should take an additional5,000 IU
of vitamin D and have their blood tested several months after to ensure they achieve optimal
vitamin D levels).
Pyridoxal 5’-Phosphate
Life Extension Mix™ includes a form of vitamin B6 that helps block the formation of
advanced glycation end products. Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate is the metabolically active B6 that
has been shown to protect against protein and lipid glycation reactions.148-150 This latest
version of Life Extension Mix™ provides 100 mg of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate in each daily
dose.
The Most Complete Multi-Nutrient Formula
Life Extension Mix™ saves time and money by combining the most popular vitamin and
mineral supplements into one product, eliminating the need to purchase separate bottles of Bcomplex, vitamins C and E, mineral supplements, and much more that would be required to
achieve the same effects.
Life Extension Mix™ supplies the most powerful antioxidants, including water- and fatsoluble vitamin C, the ideal form of alpha vitamin E, and botanical extracts that help protect
against cellular DNA damage. Additional ingredients in Life Extension Mix™ enhance
beneficial DNA methylation patterns, help maintain already normal glycemic control, and
help regulate the oxidation of LDL.
Life Extension Mix ™ is the keystone of a comprehensive supplement program because it
provides so many well-studied nutrients. If you are on a budget, Life Extension Mix™
provides the best “cost-per-milligram” value.
The ingredients in the Life Extension Mix™ come only from top-quality suppliers. These
premium companies charge more for their vitamins and trace elements, but the purity of these
substances greatly exceeds that of the lower cost generic versions that are so prevalent in the
vitamin industry.
21
To view the complete formula for Life Extension Mix™, turn this page. For information
about the various forms of Life Extension Mix™ (tablets, capsules, and powder) and special
member discount pricing, refer to page 227 of this Directory.
For Members Who Want to Take Nutrients Separately
The most comprehensive multi-nutrient formula is Life Extension Mix™. Some Foundation
members, however, prefer to take their nutrients separately and need only a complete
multivitamin-mineral supplement to fill the missing gaps. For Mayer, these members had to
rely on commercial “one-a-day” supplements that provide very low potencies.
In response to requests for a science-based multi-nutrient, the Two-Per-Day was formulated
to provide the greatest potencies that can fit into two daily tablets or capsules. When
compared to conventional “one-a-day”products, Life Extension Two-Per-Day contains up to
50 times more potency!
Multivitamin products are widely available. Regrettably, most people are unaware of the
potencies of each nutrient needed to achieve optimal effects. Commercial companies take
advantage of consumer ignorance by putting in such low potencies of certain nutrients that
the user derives little or no benefit.
The Sample Ingredients Comparison Table reveals how much more potent a daily dose of the
Two-Per-Day formula is compared to the leading commercial multivitamin. Few consumers
realize that commercial supplements often contain the cheapest form of nutrients that don’t
provide optimal benefits. For example, the 50 IU of synthetic vitamin E contained in
Centrum® Silver® Adults 50+ may provide relatively little vitamin E to the bloodstream.
Studies show that synthetic vitamin E is distributed throughout the body only about half as
much as natural vitamin E.151-154
The daily dose of Two-Per-Day formula was designed to remedy the widespread deficit of
basic nutrients that exists even among multivitamin users. For example, Centrum® Silver®
Adults 50+ users get only 500 IU of vitamin D daily as compared to 2,000 IU in Two-PerDay (four times the amount found in Centrum® Silver® Adults 50+). At the suggested dose of
one tablet or capsule two times a day, health-conscious people are ensured they are obtaining
potencies of nutrients that have demonstrated positive effects in published scientific studies
for most of the nutrients. In addition, Two-Per-Day users also benefit from alpha-lipoic acid,
the universal antioxidant that also helps boost glutathione levels as well as Crominex® 3+, a
stable and biologically active form of chromium blended with Capros® Amla and PrimaVie®
Shilajit.29 When used as part of a healthy diet, chromium plays a vital role in maintaining
healthy blood sugar levels in those already within normal range.
Since most vitamins are water-soluble, which means they don’t last long in the body, it is best
to consume these nutrients at least two times a day, ergo the Two-Per-Day formula’s design.
Each Life Extension Two-Per-Day Tablet or Capsule is moderate-sized for ease of
swallowing. To give you an idea of how potent this multi-nutrient supplement is, we
compared Two-Per-Day to today’s best selling multivitamin (Centrum® Silver® Adults 50+)
in the chart above.
22
A bottle of 120 Life Extension Two-Per-Day Tablets retails for $20.00. This represents a
two-month supply at the suggested daily dose. If you are a member of the Life Extension
Foundation, you can reduce your monthly cost of the Two-Per-Day Tablets to only $6.75
when four bottles are purchased at the same time. Two-Per-Day is also available in capsule
form, retailing for $22.00 for a 120-capsule bottle. A member buying four bottles of TwoPer-Day Capsules would reduce their monthly cost to only $7.50. When looking at the price
of many commercial brands that only provide a fraction of the nutrients contained in the TwoPer-Day formula, you can quickly see how affordable it is to obtain the potencies of the most
important basic nutrients.
Many members rely on Life Extension Mix™ with its broad-spectrum fruit and vegetable
extracts, minerals, amino acids and vitamins. Those who consume these nutrients in other
supplements can use Two-Per-Day Tablets to ensure they are not deficient in nutrients that
were long ago established to be essential
Scientific References:
1. J Am Diet Assoc.2004; 104 :567–75.
2. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Nov;84(5):1200-7.
3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Nov;84(5):959-60.
4. JAMA. 2008 Jan 23;299(3):308-15.
5. J Am Coll Nutr.2009 Feb;28 Suppl 1:73S-81S.
6. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Jul;34(7):1328-37.
7. Arch Intern Med.2009 Mar 23;169(6):626-32.
8. J Agric Food Chem.2011 Mar 9;59(5):1630-7.
9. Z Naturforsch C.2009 Sep-Oct;64(9-10):759-62.
10. Phytochem Anal.2006 Jan-Feb;17(1):8-14.
11. J Agric Food Chem.2002 Dec 18;50(26):7542-7.
12. J Food Chem.2009 Jul;115(1):20-25.
13. J Nutr.2009 Oct;139(10):1896-900.
14. J Food Sci.2011 May;76(4):C633-8.
15. Phytomedicine.2001 Sep;8(5):362-9.
16. Scand J Med Sci Sports.2010 Dec;20(6):843-52.
17. J Agric Food Chem.2009 Apr 22;57(8):3141-8.
18. Nutr Cancer.2006;54(1):47-57.
19. J Agric Food Chem.2008 Mar 26;56(6):1880-8.
20. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Aug 27;56(16):7422-30.
21. J Agric Food Chem.2006 May 31;54(11):4016-21.
22. Alt Med Rev.2000 Dec;5(6):553-62.
23. J Agric Food Chem.2003 Jun 4;51(12):3560-3.
24. Photobiol.2009 Mar-Apr;85(2):454-62.
25. Photochem Photobiol.2009 Mar-Apr;85(2):463-70.
26. J Ethnopharmacol.2002 Jul;81(2):155-60.
27. Br J Nutr.2010 Feb;103(4):502-12.
28. Int J Food Sci Nutr.2011 Sep;62(6):609-16.
29. Int J Diab Dev Countries.Vol 30; Issue: 3: 153; Date: 2010
30. Planta Med. 2008 Oct;74(13):1635-43. Epub 2008 Oct 8. Review
31. Br J Nutr.2007 Oct;98(4):814-8.
32. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1 Suppl):215S-7S.
33. Eur J Nutr. 2003 Jan;42(1):18-28 .
23
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http://www.lef.org/Vitamins-Supplements/Recommended-Supplements/Omega-3-Fish-Oil.htm
The omega-3 fatty acids from cold-water fish have received an enormous amount of
favorable publicity. One reason is that there have been more scientific studies to document
fish oil’s multiple health benefits than perhaps any other nutrient.1-50
Commercial fish oil comes in a wide range of purities and potencies. When evaluating the
safety and potency of fish oil, the following three factors should be considered:
1. Stability: Fish oil can easily turn rancid, so a measurement of oxidative by-products is a
critical step to ensure that the omega-3s you swallow are fresh.
2. Purity: Cold-water ocean fish are rich in EPA/DHA, but are often contaminated with
pollutants like PCBs, mercury, and arsenic. The fish oil you swallow should go through the
purification processes needed to reduce contaminant levels to safe ranges.
3. EPA-DHA consistency: The primary active ingredients in fish are eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Assaying fish oil to make sure it meets label claim
is important to ensuring you are ingesting the desired amounts of EPA/DHA.
In order to protect consumers against unsafe and ineffective products, the Council for
Responsible Nutrition has proposed strict guidelines for all fish oil products marketed in
North America. The good news is that a fish oil concentrate is available today that exceeds
these proposed, upgraded standards and stringent international standards.
26
FDA Permitted Health Claim: Supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA
omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
The Gold Standard Fish Oil Concentrate
Super Omega-3 EPA/DHA with Sesame Lignans & Olive Fruit Extract contains a highly
refined fish oil concentrate that uses a proprietary technology and purification process to
improve stability, reduce environmental pollutants to extremely low levels, and to protect
against oxidation and peroxidation of the delicate omega-3 fatty acids.
To obtain a fish oil this clean and stable, a method was developed to purify the oil with an
intense distillation process. The result is cleaner fish oil that has shorter heat exposure and
prevents thermal (heat) degradation of the EPA/DHA. The result is an improved fish oil that
exceeds the standards set by international rating agencies. The Super Omega-3 product meets
or exceeds International Fish Oil Standards (IFOS™) for omega-3 concentration, PCBs,
dioxins, furans, oxidation and heavy metals, and thus has received its highest 5-star rating.
These distillation processes remove other impurities that lead to reflux, burping, and
regurgitation in some people. The Super Omega-3 EPA/DHA also smells better by virtue of
these processes and is more tolerable to people with sensitive stomachs.
What Makes Super Omega-3 the Best Fish Oil
Supplement?
Super Omega-3 EPA/DHA with Sesame Lignans & Olive Fruit Extract contains a highly
refined fish oil concentrate which provides a full spectrum blend of fatty acids and synergistic
nutrients to provide optimal effects in the body.
The addition of sesame lignans to fish oil enhances its beneficial effects.51 When fats are
consumed, they are broken down into compounds that either promote or suppress
inflammatory reactions. Specialized enzymes in the body determine which inflammatory
pathway fats will follow.
Sesame lignans inhibit a dangerous enzyme (delta-5 desaturase) that causes DGLA (dihomogamma linolenic acid) to be converted into arachidonic acid, a precursor to the toxic
inflammatory factors prostaglandin E2 and the leukotrienes.52 (Refer to this chart for a clearer
understanding of these metabolic pathways).
Extending the Stability of Fish Oil in the Body
Sesame lignans also function as a powerful antioxidant, and their addition to fish oil lowers
undesirable lipid peroxidation rates.53,54 They also suppress the formation of free radicals
from the DHA fraction of fish oil, which has extremely high oxidative susceptibility.55 A test
of this effect was confirmed in rats fed a high DHA diet from fish oil. In the first part of the
study, DHA alone lowered vitamin E levels and raised a measure of free radical damage. The
addition of sesame lignans raised plasma and liver vitamin E levels higher, increased
concentrations of DHA, and completely suppressed free radical production from the DHA in
tissues and serum.53
27
The combination of sesame lignans and fish oil (as found in Super Omega-3) thus helps to
suppress free radical production of fish oil by blocking lipid peroxidation and simultaneously
boosting levels of beneficial fatty acids (such as DGLA and DHA).56,57
Increased Burning of Blood Lipids
In order for cells to produce energy, they must burn fatty acids in their mitochondria. The
failure of liver mitochondria to properly burn fatty acids can result in excess accumulation of
triglycerides.
Triglycerides not burned in the liver accumulate in the blood and contribute to arterial
occlusion and unwanted weight gain.
In two animal studies, combining sesame lignans and fish oil caused hepatic fatty acid
oxidation rates to rise much higher than fish oil alone.51,58 This shows that the synergistic
combination of fish oil and sesame improves mitochondrial fatty acid energy utilization to
facilitate triglyceride reduction and guard against the free radicals generated as an inevitable
consequence of higher cellular metabolism. 51,53,54,58
The Virtues of Olive Fruit Polyphenols
Olive oil contains potent polyphenols such as hydroxytyrosol. Published studies show that
hydroxytyrosol scavenges the dangerous free radical hydrogen peroxide and reduces LDL
susceptibility to oxidation.59-61 The oxidation of LDL plays a significant role in the
development of vascular impairment.
According to two studies, as the polyphenol content of olive oil increases, there is an increase
in glutathione antioxidant activity and a decrease in the oxidation of LDL.62,63 These effects
are associated with improved cardiovascular health.
Additional Protection Against Platelet Aggregation
When blood platelets that guard against excessive bleeding become overactivated, they can
form clots inside arteries leading to acute circulatory disruptions. Fish oil’s EPA/DHA help
protect against excess platelet aggregation.
An olive fruit polyphenol called oleuropein has also been shown to reduce blood platelet
activity in humans,64 thus providing yet another explanation as to why those who consume a
Mediterranean diet have such low rates of sudden vascular events.
Oleuropein from the olive fruit also has additional biological properties.65 When administered
to human fibroblast cell cultures, oleuropein delayed the appearance of senescent (aging)
structural changes and increased the life span of these cells by approximately 15%.66
In addition, oleuropein has been proven effective in down-regulating HER2 expression.67,68
These findings help explain why those who consume a Mediterranean diet have such marked
reductions in problems related to excess expression of the HER2 gene, which is part of a
family of genes that plays a role in regulating cell growth.
28
Four softgels of Super Omega-3 not only contain the finest omega-3 fish oil in the world,
but also provides a potent olive fruit extract blend (equivalent to the polyphenol content of
4 to 6 tablespoons of extra virgin olive oil) standardized for hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol,
verbascoside and oleuropein polyphenols.
Premium Quality at an Affordable Price
Despite the costly processes involved in making this superior fish oil concentrate, the low
price of Super Omega-3 EPA/DHA with Sesame Lignans & Olive Fruit Extract enables
consumers to obtain the broad-spectrum benefits of this omega-3 supplement along with
additional beneficial nutrients.
A bottle containing 120 softgels of Super Omega-3 EPA/DHA with Sesame Lignans &
Olive Fruit Extract retails for $32.00. If you are a member of Life Extension, you can reduce
your cost to only $21.00 each when four bottles are purchased at the same time.
For those with a sensitive stomach, Super Omega-3 is also available with enteric coating and
retails for $34. If a member buys four bottles, that cost is reduced to just $23.25 a bottle.
Life Extension’s Super Omega-3 is also available in a smaller softgel for easier swallowing
and retails for $32.00. If a member buys four bottles, that cost is reduced to just $21.00 a
bottle.
IFOS™ certification mark is a registered trademark of Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc. These products have been tested
to the quality and purity standards of the IFOS™ program conducted at Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc.
The Super Omega-3 product meets or exceeds International Fish Oil Standards (IFOS™) for omega-3 concentration,
PCBs, dioxins, furans, oxidation and heavy metals, and thus has received its highest 5-star rating.
Caution: If you are taking anti-coagulant or anti-platelet medications, or have a bleeding disorder, consult your
healthcare provider before taking this product.
Scientific References:
1. Mo Med. 2012 Sep-Oct;109(5):388-92.
2. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Dec;96(6):1327-38.
3. Behav Brain Res. 2013 Jan 15;237:283-9.
4. Lipids Health Dis. 2012 Aug 29;11:105.
5. Nutrients. 2012 Jul;4(7):799-840.
6. J Glycomics Lipidomics. 2012 Feb 27;2(1).
7. J Clin Lipidol. 2012 May-Jun;6(3):216-34.
8. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2012;108:75-112.
9. Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Aug;26(6):988-95.
10. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2012;65:211-22.
11. Adv Nutr. 2012 Jan;3(1):1-7.
12. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012 Mar;15(2):134-43.
13. Br J Nutr 2012 Jun; 107 Suppl 2:S129–S136.
14. Br J Nutr 2012 Jun; 107 Suppl 2:S159–S170.
15. Br J Nutr 2012 Jun; 107 Suppl 2:S171–S184.
16. Br J Nutr 2012 Jun; 107 Suppl 2:S195–S200.
17. Br J Nutr 2012 Jun; 107 Suppl 2:S201–S213.
29
18. Br J Nutr 2012 Jun; 107 Suppl 2:S228–S239.
19. Br J Nutr 2012 Jun; 107 Suppl 2:S253–S260.
20. Br J Nutr 2012 Jun; 107 Suppl 2:S77–S84.
21. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2011 Mar-Apr;84(3-4):93-8.
22. J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Dec;45(12):2412-8.
23. Nutrition. 2009; 25(10): 1011-1019.
24. Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Aug;57(8):1481-6.
25. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Sep;88(3):706-13.
26. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85(5): 1267-1274.
27. Lipids Health Dis. 2007; 6:21.
28. Pain. 2007; 129(1-2): 210-223.
29. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;68(7):1056-61.
30. Lipids Health Dis. 2007; 6:21.
31. Am J Clin Nutr . 2007; 85(4): 1142-1147.
32. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006 Jan;113(1):31-5.
33. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005 Nov;35(11):691-9.
34. Neurology. 2004; 62(2): 275-280.
35. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23(2): 151-152.
36. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23;e20-e30
37. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:37–42.
38. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;59(1):91-2.
39. Int J Clin Pract. 2001 Oct;55(8):560-3.
40. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72(2): 389-394.
41. Psychiatry Res. 1999 Mar 22;85(3):275-91.
42. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Mar 1;43(5):315-9.
43. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 145(1): 33-41.
44. Lipids. 1996 Mar;31 Suppl:S157-61.
45. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123(12): 911-918.
46. Circulation 1994;90;2248-2257
47. Am J Clin Nutr 1993:57:59-64.
48. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1992;12:675-681
49. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:825-33.
50. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;52:120-7.
51. Metabolism. 2006 Mar;55(3):381-90.
52. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Sep-Oct;50(53):1609-13.
53. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 2003 Aug;49(4):270-6.
54. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2007 Oct;53(5):383-92.
55. Biofactors. 2000;11(1-2):11-3.
56. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2003 Dec;49(6):442-6.
57. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2009 Feb;55(1):31-43.
58. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Jun 1;1682(1-3):80-91.
59. J Agric Food Chem . 2007 Sep 5;55(18):7609-14.
60. Free Radic Biol Med . 2006 Feb 15;40(4):608-16.
61. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Jun;43(3):140-7.
62. J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2314-21.
63. Eur J Clin Nutr . 2002 Feb;56(2):114-20.
64. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008 Feb;18(2):127-32.
65. Sci Pharm . 2010;78(2):133-54.
66. Rejuvenation Res . 2007 Jun;10(2):157-72.
67. BMC Cancer . 2007 May 9;7:80.
68. Int J Mol Med. 2008 Oct;22(4):433-9.
30
http://www.lef.org/Vitamins-Supplements/Recommended-Supplements/Coenzyme-Q10.htm
Life Extension introduced coenzyme Q10 to the U.S. in 1983. Since then we have consistently
introduced more potent, more absorbable forms of this critical nutrient. The reason is simple.
About 95% of cellular energy is produced from structures in your cells called mitochondria.
Coenzyme Q10 is incorporated into the mitochondria of your cells where it facilitates the
transformation of fats and sugars into energy. A large body of scientific evidence shows that
CoQ10’s ability to restore mitochondrial function has a profound effect on one’s overall
health.1-3 Coenzyme Q10 produces beneficial effects to the heart, 3-21 brain,3,22-26 kidneys,27-29
and other tissues.3,7,30-40
The Ubiquinol Form of CoQ10
Ubiquinol is the biologically superior form of CoQ10 because it’s an electron donor, which
makes it a very effective neutralizer of free radicals and the only form of CoQ10 that
scavenges lipid peroxyl radicals that can damage the polyunsaturated fatty acids of your cell
membranes.
Super Ubiquinol CoQ10 with Enhanced Mitochondrial
Support™
When CoQ10 levels diminish, the ability of cells to sustain even basic metabolic functions is
impaired. Life Extension has taken the biologically superior ubiquinol form of CoQ10 and
combined it with a compound called PrimaVie® Shilajit that research shows doubles levels
of CoQ10 in the mitochondria.41 Shilajit has been shown to restore and sustain cellular energy.
Shilajit and Mitochondrial Metabolism
Scientific analysis shows that shilajit itself is rich in essential compounds that promote
mitochondrial metabolism. Part of its beneficial effects derive from its ability to help the
mitochondria convert fats and sugars into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP … the cell’s main
source of energy. Combining ubiquinol CoQ10 with shilajit generates a powerful synergy that
supports more youthful cellular energy production than CoQ10 alone.
CoQ10 Plus Shilajit
The latest studies show that when shilajit is combined with CoQ10, cellular energy gains
substantially increase. In a breakthrough preliminary study, combining CoQ10 with shilajit
produced a 56% increase in cellular energy production in the brain (40% better than CoQ10
alone) … and 144% increase in muscle (27% better than CoQ10 alone).42
Researchers have found that shilajit works to boost CoQ10’s beneficial effects two ways:
31
1. By stabilizing CoQ10 in its superior ubiquinol form, thereby prolonging its action at
the cellular level.43,44
2. And by facilitating more efficient delivery of CoQ10 into the mitochondria, resulting
in greater cellular energy output.45-49
CoQ10 and Statin Drugs
Heart cells have a high-energy demand, and many clinical studies have investigated the role
of CoQ10 on cardiac function. Efficacy has been shown in studies when CoQ10 was used for
cardiovascular problems.50-56 Scientists have also found that CoQ10 provides benefits to other
organs whose cells require high-level energy metabolism such as the brain and kidneys.1,57-60
One reason more people supplement with coenzyme Q10 now than ever before is the
increased awareness that statin drugs (used to lower LDL and cholesterol) deplete the body of
CoQ10.61-66
Normal aging, however, can result in an even greater reduction in CoQ10 than that caused by
statin drugs.67-71 While statin drugs have been shown to reduce blood plasma levels of CoQ10
by 40%, the aging process can reduce CoQ10 levels in your heart muscle wall by 72%.72
The retail price for a 100-count bottle of 50-mg Super Ubiquinol CoQ10 with Enhanced
Mitochondrial Support™ is $58.00. If a member of the Life Extension Foundation buys four
bottles, the price is reduced to $39.75 per bottle. Each bottle lasts most people about two
months based on taking one capsule twice a day.
(Refer to this chart for a comparison using different forms of CoQ10).
Some members who want to take higher doses use the 100mg or 200 mg size of this unique
formulation. The retail price for a bottle containing 60 softgels of 100 mg Super Ubiquinol
CoQ10 with Enhanced Mitochondrial Support™ is $62.00. A 30-count bottle of 200 mg
softgels also retails for $62.00. If a member buys four bottles of 100 mg or 200 mg Super
Ubiquinol, the price is reduced to $42.00 per bottle. The significantly higher cellular energy
gains make these novel CoQ10 formulations a tremendous value “per absorbed milligram.”
Scientific References:
1. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2010 Jun;16(2):183-8.
2. J Neurochem. 2005 Jun;93(5):1199-208.
3. Curr Neurovasc Res . 2005 Dec;2(5):447-59.
4. Am J Clin Nutr . 2004 Sep;80(3):649-55.
5. Ann NY Acad Sci . 2002 Apr;959:355-9.
6. Eur J Clin Nutr . 2002 Nov;56(11):1137-42.
7. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Feb;97(2):268-75.
8. Clin Cardiol. 2004 May;27(5):295-9.
9. N Z Med J. 2009 Oct 30;122(1305):74-9.
10. Mol Aspects Med . 1994;15 Suppls287-94.
11. Clin Investig . 1993;71(8 Suppl):S134-6.
12. Mitochondrion. 2007 Jun;7 Suppl:S154-67.
32
13. Pharmacotherapy . 2001 Jul;21(7):797-806.
14. Biofactors . 1999;9(2-4):285-9.
15. Mol Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;37(1):31-7.
16. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2001 Apr;21(4):585-93.
17. Free Radic Biol Med . 2000 Aug;29(3-4):295-305.
18. Drugs Exp Clin Res . 1985;11(8):581-93.
19. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Aug;29(3-4):295-305.
20. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1982 Nov;4(6):1062-7.
21. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1981 Jan;31(1):129-40.
22. Neurobiol Dis . 2005 Apr;18(3):618-27.
23. Biofactors . 2003;18(1-4):65-72.
24. J Nutr. 2009 Oct;139(10):1926-32.
25. Brain Res . 1998 Feb 2;783(1):109-14.
26. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 1994 Jul;108(1):126-33.
27. Cas Lek Cesk . 2001 May 24;140(10):307-310.
28. Int Braz J Urol. 2012 Mar-Apr;38(2):230-4
29. Exp Clin Transplant. 2012 Nov 28. doi: 10.6002/ect.2012.0126. [Epub ahead of print]
30. Ophthalmologica . 2005 May;219(3):154-66.
31. Biofactors . 2003;18(1-4):265-70.
32. Ann NY Acad Sci . 2002 Apr;959:508-16.
33. Ann NY Acad Sci . 2002 Apr;959:396-411.
34. Free Radic Res . 2002 Apr;36(4):445-53.
35. BMC Res Notes. 2012 Oct 1;5(1):540. [Epub ahead of print]
36. Mol Aspects Med . 1994;15 Suppls241-8.
37. Biofactors. 2012 Nov;38(6):416-21.
38. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;47(1):19-28.
39. Arch Neurol. 2007 Jul;64(7):938-44.
40. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012 Apr;16(2):193-9.
41. Systemic CoQ level in animals: Part II. Unpublished study. Natreon, Inc.; 2007.
42. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;1:817-25.
43. Pharmacologyonline. 2009;2:690-8.
44. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 2008 Jul 15;11(3), 1-10.
45. Ghosal S. Shilajit in Perspective. Alpha Science International Limited; 2006.
46. Sci Total Environ. 1987 Apr;62:347-54.
47. Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Jul 15;36(14):3170-5.
48. Environ Sci Technol. 2002 May 1;36(9):1939-46.
49. Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Feb 1;43(3):878-83.
50. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2002 Jul;16(4):9-20.
51. Free Radic Biol Med . 2000 Aug;29(3-4):295-305.
52. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Jun 16. [Epub ahead of print]
53. Atherosclerosis. 2011 Jun;216(2):395-401.
54. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012 Jan;67(1):3-10.
55. Atherosclerosis. 2012 Apr;221(2):311-6
56. Biofactors. 2011 Sep-Oct;37(5):366-73
57. Mitochondrion. 2007 Jun;7 Suppl:S122-6.
58. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;27(1):211-23. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-110209.
59. Cas Lek Cesk . 2001 May 24;140(10):307-10.
60. Biofactors . 2003;18(1-4):145-52.
61. Mitochondrion . 2007 Jun;7 Suppl:S168-74.
62. Biofactors . 2003;18(1-4):113-24.
63. Biofactors . 2003;18(1-4):101-11.
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64. J Atheroscler Thromb . 2005;12(2):111-9.
65. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jun 12;49(23):2231-7.
66. Angiology. 2011 Jul;62(5):415-21.
67. Biofactors . 2005;25(1-4):179-85.
68. Biochem Exp Biol . 1980;16(1):39-42.
69. Biofactors . 1999;9(2-4):359-63.
70. Biofactors . 1999;9(2-4):371-8.
71. Biofactors . 1999;9(2-4):291-9.
72. J Clin Pharmacol. 1993 Mar;33(3):226-9.
http://www.lef.org/Vitamins-Supplements/Recommended-Supplements/Vitamin-D-Blood-Levels.htm
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble pro hormone that targets 230 to 2800 genes in your body.1
Vitamin D is essential for health and there are two ways to bring blood vitamin D to the
optimal levels.2
1. Sun exposure: It has been suggested by some vitamin D researchers that
approximately 10–30 minutes of sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m at least
twice a week to the face, arms, legs, or back without sunscreen usually lead to the
blood-level equivalent of 1,000 IU vitamin D taken orally. The American Academy of
Dermatology reaffirmed its position that vitamin D should not be obtained from
unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or indoor tanning
devices.
2. Supplement: Life Extension recommends you take 5,000 IU to 8,000 IU vitamin D3
daily. And take a 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood test after 3 months to assess and
adjust your dosage so your optimal blood levels will be between 50–80 ng/mL yearround.
Once vitamin D3 is produced in the skin or consumed in food, it’s converted in the body to a
metabolically active form known as calcitriol that does far more than just regulate your
body’s calcium balance.3 Vitamin D affects cell differentiation, immunity, insulin secretion,
blood pressure regulation, etc.4-25
Calcitriol is an important neurosteroid hormone responsible for many elements in brain
development and behavior as well. Calcitriol increases brain levels of glutathione,8-13 a
powerful natural antioxidant that is the body’s most important tool for detoxifying and
excreting heavy metals and one that is rapidly consumed during oxidant stress from toxins
and other sources.
Life Extension members can maintain optimal levels of blood vitamin D effectively and
inexpensively by supplementing daily with a 5,000 IU softgel. A two-month supply retails for
just $11, but members can purchase it for only $8.25 (or even less with a multi-bottle
purchase). Other dosages and forms of vitamin D are available, please see the Vitamins
section.
34
Scientific References:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Genome Res. 2010 Oct;20(10):1352-60.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;39(2):287-301.
Hautarzt. 2004 May;55(5):446-52.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(3):362-371.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Aug;88(2):570S-577S.
http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ Accessed January 29,
2013
7. Drugs Aging. 2007;24(12):1017-29.
8. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;13(3):100-5.
9. J Neurosci Res. 2000 Nov 1;62(3):374-82.
10. Neuropharmacology. 2001 May;40(6):761-71.
11. Neurol Sci. 2009 Jun;30(3):207-12.
12. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;13(3):100-5.
13. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Oct 4;216(3):183-6.
14. J Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 1;203(1):122-30.
15. J Nutr. 2011 Mar;141(3):476-81.
16. J Biol Chem. 2010 Dec 10;285(50):38751-5.
17. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Dec;30(12):2495-503.
18. PLoS One. 2010 Sep 23;5(9):e12925.
19. Immunol. 2010 Sep;105(3):191-9; quiz 200-2, 217.
20. J Immunol. 2010 Oct 15;185(8):4948-58.
21. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Oct;299(4):H1226-34.
22. Hypertension. 2011 Jan;57(1):63-9.
23. Diabetologia. 2010 Oct;53(10):2112-9.
24. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Aug;69(8):1448-52.
25. Appl Nurs Res. 2009 Aug;22(3):221-5.
http://www.lef.org/Vitamins-Supplements/Recommended-Supplements/Vitamin-K-Gamma-Tocopherol.htm
In spite of all the scientific validation surrounding the health benefits of various nutrients,
many people fail to include them in their daily supplement regimen because they do not want
to take so many individual pills. This problem has been solved with Life Extension’s Super
Booster, a softgel that includes a multitude of health-promoting nutrients with the
convenience of one-per-day dosing. Super Booster contains nutrients that are difficult to fit
into dry-based formulas like the Life Extension Mix™ formula (Recommendation #1 of the
Daily Dozen Steps to Optimal Health).
Included in this potent, multi-nutrient formula are the most biologically active forms of
vitamin K2 [known asmenaquinone-4 (MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7)]. Human
studies show that vitamin K2 is absorbed up to ten times more effectively than K1.1 Vitamin
K2 also remains biologically active in the body far longer than K1. For instance, K1 is rapidly
cleared by the liver within 8 hours, whereas measurable levels of K2 (as MK-7) have been
detected 72 hours after ingestion. Because it is not metabolized quickly by the liver, only
35
small amounts of vitamin K2 are needed to maintain optimal gamma-carboxylation status of
Gla-proteins such as osteocalcin (in bone) and matrix-Gla protein (in the arterial vessel wall).
These proteins direct calcium into the bones and prevent calcium infiltration into the arterial
wall.2
Super Booster provides higher doses of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) in addition to vitamin K1
and MK-4.
VITAMIN K
There are three forms of vitamin K that the human body utilizes to promote arterial health
and bone support.


Vitamin K1 is found in green vegetables. Since it is tightly bound to plant fiber, only a fraction is absorbed into
the bloodstream. Supplementation ensures ample K1 blood levels.
Vitamin K2 is usually found in meats, dairy, and egg yolks. Since you may be avoiding these foods for health
reasons, ingesting a K2 supplement is essential. MK-4 is the most rapidly absorbed form of K2, and MK-7
boasts a very long half-life in the body.
Super Booster functions as the perfect complementary supplement because it contains
nutrients that cannot fit into the tightly packed dry powder formula, along with nutrients that
only come in an oil-base, and therefore require a softgel cap to contain them. Super Booster
also contains nutrients with health benefits so well-documented that people often want to take
higher amounts than what is provided in their daily multivitamin.
Just one softgel of Super Booster Softgels provides critically important nutrients such as
gamma-tocopherol that are lacking in most multi-nutrient formulas. Scientists have shown
that people supplementing with the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E should also consume
gamma-tocopherol. The reason is because alpha-tocopherol displaces gamma-tocopherol in
the body, which may result in a lack of protection against certain types of free radicals.3,4
Augmenting the Effects of Gamma Tocopherol
One problem with gamma-tocopherol is that the tissue has a high turnover rate, making it
disappear relatively quickly.5 Super Booster provides20 mg of sesame lignan extract which
has been shown to increase levels of gamma-tocopherol throughout the body. 6
In human and animal studies, administration of sesame lignans increases tissue and serum
levels of all vitamin E analogs, including gamma- and alpha-tocopherol.6,7 Of particular
interest are animal studies showing that sesame lignans elevate gamma-tocopherol levels quite
dramatically.8 This is critical because gamma-tocopherol, but not alpha-tocopherol, quenches
reactive nitrogen species, such as the peroxynitrite radical,9 which we know plays a major
role in the development of cardiovascular problems.8
The reason why it is so difficult to raise gamma-tocopherol levels in human tissues and serum
is due to two forces that are constantly at work to defeat it. The only carrier protein that
transports vitamin E from the liver to the tissues, alpha-tocopherol carrier protein, is highly
selective in transporting alpha-tocopherol in a 11-to-1 ratio to gamma-tocopherol.10
36
This means relatively little gamma-tocopherol ends up in the cell membranes compared to
alpha-tocopherol. Studies have shown that adding sesame to a rat diet increased vitamin E
alpha-tocopherol serum levels 40%, and gamma-tocopherol levels up to about 500%,4 while
lowering a measurement of free radical-induced damage (thiobarbituric reactive substances)
by 82.8%.11 A human study showed a single dose of sesame oil, containing 136 mg sesame
lignans (sesamin and sesamolin), reduces the urinary excretion of co-administered gammatocopherol in humans.12
Because of the importance of obtaining gamma-tocopherol, most Life Extension members
who take Two-Per-Day Tablets (or Capsules) also take one softgel of Super Booster
Softgels. The new Life Extension Mix™ provides a small amount of gamma-tocopherol as a
part of natural mixed tocopherols which includes vitamin E — but more gamma-tocopherol is
recommended, ergo the value of taking just one Super Booster softgel each day.
So Much Potency in Just One Softgel
In order to reduce the cost and inconvenience of taking many different pills, Super Booster
Softgels provide optimal doses of ginkgo extract, vitamin K1 and K2, chlorophyllin,
lycopene, and other nutrients in just one softgel.
Ginkgo is a popular supplement because of its multi-faceted effects of promoting healthy
circulatory and neurological function. 13
Vitamin K helps direct calcium to bones, while helping to maintain healthy arterial
structure andelasticity.14Chlorophyllin is a nutrient used as protection against DNA gene
mutation. 15
Lycopene continues to impress scientists as the red carotenoid that inhibits LDL oxidation
and also protects DNA gene integrity.16-21
Save Money with the Multi-Ingredient Super Booster!
Super Booster Softgels saves you money by combining multiple ingredients into one
formula. Listed to the left are the ingredients contained in just one softgel of this advanced
multinutrient formula.
The cost of purchasing these ingredients individually greatly exceeds the price of Super
Booster Softgels. For instance, the retail prices of the gamma E tocopherol, lycopene-lutein
extracts, vitamin K, ginkgo extract, and chlorophyllin add up to over $100. By using
Super Booster, members can save over 70% of the cost of buying these ingredients
separately. The retail price for a bottle of 60 softgels is $42.00. If a Life Extension member
buys four bottles, the price is reduced to only $28.50 per bottle.
Since most of these ingredients are fat-soluble, Super Booster Softgels should be taken with
the heaviest meal of the day. Because the largest meal of the day often contains the most
dietary mutagens, it is appropriate to consume the chlorophyllin contained in Super Booster
at this time.
Caution: If you are taking anti-coagulant or anti-platelet medications, or have a bleeding
disorder, consult your healthcare provider before taking this product.
37
The Life Extension Booster formula (without vitamin K and chlorophyllin) is still available
(see the Multivitamins section).
Scientific References:
1. Haemostasis. 2000 Nov-Dec;30(6):298-307.
2. Z Kardiol. 2001;90 Suppl 3:57-63.
3. Nutr Rev. 2006 Jun;64(6):295-9.
4. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;74(6):714-22.
5. Lipids. 1992 Jan;27(1):38-41.
6. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1723-9.
7. Lipids . 2002 Apr;37(4):351-8.
8. J Nutr . 2002 May;132(5):961-6.
9. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69(6):1367-70.
10. FEBS Lett. 1997 Jun 2;409(1):105-8.
11. Life Sci . 2000 66(2):161-71.
12. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1031:365-7.
13. Altern Med Rev . 1998 Feb;3(1):54-7.
14. Eur J Nutr . 2004 Dec;43(6):325-35.
15. Methods Mol Biol . 2004;274:159-71.
16. Clin Sci . 2003 Sep;105(3):355-61.
17. Antioxid Redox Signal . 2000 Fall;2(3):491-506.
18. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Dec 19;104(24):1905-16.
19. Carcinogenesis. 2012 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print]
20. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Nov;96(5):1173S-8S.
21. Cancer Cell Int. 2012 Aug 6;12(1):36.
38