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Chapter 9
Textbook
The Respiratory System
Chapter-Opening Question
Generally, no. During maximal exercise, only about 65%
of the vital capacity of your lungs is being used. Because
high-intensity exercise does not require 100% of the lungs’
vital capacity, lung volume is not a limiting factor for healthy
individuals such as athletes.
Lesson 9.1 Functions and Anatomy
of the Respiratory System
Before You Read
Which organs and structures are part of the respiratory
system?
the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and lungs
Which structure routes air, foods, and liquids through the
proper passageways?
the epiglottis
Where does gas exchange take place, and why does it
happen so effortlessly?
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. The surface area
of the lungs is immense: millions of alveolar sacs provide a
nearly unlimited number of sites for gas exchange between
the blood and these sacs. Also, oxygen and carbon dioxide
molecules have a short distance to travel (from the red
blood cell, through the capillary wall and its membrane, and
through the alveolar wall and its membrane). Finally, gases
always diffuse (spread) from area of high concentration
to areas of low concentration. Because carbon dioxide
has a high concentration in the capillary blood, it diffuses
rapidly from the blood into the alveolar sacs, where the
concentration of carbon dioxide is low.
Check Your Understanding, page 305
1. the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and lungs
2. filtering and removing foreign particles from inspired
air; humidifying and controlling the temperature of
inspired air; producing sound (voice); providing a
sense of smell; conducting air to the lower respiratory
tract; aiding in the body’s immune defense
3. the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
4. the nose
Check Your Understanding, page 306
1.
2.
3.
4.
the nasal cavity and mouth
The uvula hangs from the end of the soft palate
the respiratory and digestive systems
The larynx routes air and food to the proper
passageways, and it houses the structures that
produce speech.
Caption Questions
Figure 9.1: the pulmonary system
Figure 9.2: Air, food, and liquids pass through the pharynx.
The air that reaches the lower respiratory tract is warm,
moist, and filtered as a result of the work done by the upper
respiratory tract.
Figure 9.3: Each sinus is named for the bone on which it lies.
Figure 9.4: C-shaped rings; on the anterior side of the
trachea, they provide support to prevent the airway from
collapsing, and on the posterior side, they are flexible and
allow the trachea to expand.
Figure 9.5: The surface area of the lungs is immense:
millions of alveolar sacs provide a nearly unlimited number
of sites for gas exchange between the blood and these
sacs. Also, oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules have a
short distance to travel (from the red blood cell, through
the capillary wall and its membrane, and through the
alveolar wall and its membrane). Finally, gases always
diffuse (spread) from area of high concentration to areas
of low concentration. Because carbon dioxide has a high
concentration in the capillary blood, it diffuses rapidly from
the blood into the alveolar sacs, where the concentration of
carbon dioxide is low.
Figure 9.6: The left lung is narrower because it only has
only two lobes.
Know and Understand
1. to provide a constant supply of oxygen, while
eliminating the waste product carbon dioxide from the
body
2. The bronchi and bronchioles together are called the
conducting zone because they are the passageways
that conduct air to and from the lungs.
3. The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has
two lobes.
4. The cilia trap and prevent particles from entering the
nose.
5. the roof of the mouth
6. the structures that produce speech
7. cartilaginous rings, or C-shaped rings
Analyze and Apply
8. because accumulated mucus has covered the
olfactory receptors
9. While in the womb, the parts of the baby’s palate
did not completely fuse together; surgery can be
performed to close and repair the cleft palate and/or
lip.
10. The epiglottis is called the gatekeeper because it
controls the destination of ingested food and liquids
and of inspired air.
11. Gas exchange occurs so rapidly because the surface
area of the lungs is immense: millions of alveolar
sacs provide a nearly unlimited number of sites for
1
gas exchange between the blood and these sacs.
Also, oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules have
a short distance to travel (from the red blood cell,
through the capillary wall and its membrane, and
through the alveolar wall and its membrane). Finally,
gases always diffuse (spread) from area of high
concentration to areas of low concentration. Because
carbon dioxide has a high concentration in the
capillary blood, it diffuses rapidly from the blood into
the alveolar sacs, where the concentration of carbon
dioxide is low.
In the Lab
12. Models will vary, but each major organ and structure
should be properly labeled.
Lesson 9.2 Respiration: Mechanics
and Control
Before You Read
Which muscles are used for breathing?
the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm
muscle
How do oxygen and carbon dioxide levels regulate our
breathing?
High levels of carbon dioxide increase the number
of hydrogen ions in the body, which cause the pH
of the cerebrospinal fluid to decrease. The central
chemoreceptors sense this pH decrease and stimulate the
brain’s inspiratory center by sending impulses via the vagus
and glossopharyngeal nerves. When the inspiratory center
receives these signals, it stimulates an increase in the rate
and depth of breathing. The result is a fresh oxygen supply
and lower carbon dioxide levels.
Check Your Understanding, page 312
1. gas exchange
2. The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its
pressure.
3. lower
4. inspiration
Check Your Understanding, page 315
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
neural and chemical factors
12 to 15 breaths per minute
between 40 and 60 breaths per minute
in the medulla oblongata and the pons
The medulla sets the normal breathing pace, and
the pons fine-tunes respiratory rate and depth while
coordinating the transition between inspiration and
expiration.
Check Your Understanding, page 316
1. the total amount of air that can be forcibly expired
after a maximal inspiration
2. Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air
that can be inhaled immediately following a normal
inspiration. Expiratory reserve volume is the amount
of air that can be exhaled immediately following a
normal expiration.
3. A pulmonary function test can determine whether an
individual has asthma, obstructive lung disease, or
restrictive lung disease.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Caption Questions
Figure 9.7: As the lungs expand, the intrapulmonary
pressure falls below the atmospheric pressure, creating
a vacuum. The vacuum sucks air into the lungs until the
intrapulmonary pressure is equal to the atmospheric
pressure. When the intrapulmonary pressure exceeds the
atmospheric pressure, air is forced out of the lungs.
Figure 9.10: to diagnose lung disorders
Know and Understand
1. pulmonary ventilation, external respiration,
respiratory gas transport, and internal respiration
2. When dust or another irritant needs to be cleared
from the lower respiratory tract, a deep breath closes
the epiglottis, and a forceful exhalation is performed
to clear the dust or other debris.
3. Women have a smaller lung capacity than men.
4. When you move from a reclined position to a
standing position, your breathing rate nearly doubles.
5. in the medulla oblongata and the pons
Analyze and Apply
6. The stretch receptors are mechanoreceptors in the
bronchioles and alveoli. As the lungs fill with air, the
stretch receptors trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex,
which prevents overinflation of the alveolar sacs.
7. Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure; in other words,
as the volume of a gas increases, its pressure
decreases. Boyle’s law affects breathing because
of differences between atmospheric (outside) air
pressure and intrapulmonary (lung) air pressure. For
the lungs to be able to take in air, the intrapulmonary
pressure must be lower than the atmospheric
pressure. Likewise, for air to be expelled from the
lungs, the intrapulmonary pressure must be higher than
the atmospheric pressure.
8. Infants take more breaths each minute than older
children and adults because their lung capacity is
very small.
In the Lab
9. Students’ lung volume measurements will vary.
Lesson 9.3 Respiratory Disorders
and Diseases
Before You Read
How common is the common cold?
Most people get between two and four colds each
year.
What is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease?
cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoking
What triggers an asthma attack?
cigarette smoke, mold, air pollution, pet hair or
dander, cold air, exercise, dust, pollen, or emotional stress
Check Your Understanding, page 320
1. nasopharyngitis
2. two to four
3. tonsillitis
Chapter 9 Answer Key
2
Check Your Understanding, page 323
1. Acute bronchitis is characterized by a cough that may
or may not produce mucus. Bronchitis is classified
as chronic when a person has had a cough for
anywhere from three months to two years.
2. Tuberculosis is contracted by breathing in air droplets
from the cough or sneeze of an infected person.
3. cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoking
4. emphysema
Check Your Understanding, page 325
1. 8%
2. limiting exposure to triggers and using prescription
medications such as bronchodilators, antiinflammatory drugs, and inhaled steroids
3. smoking
4. Lung cancer is difficult to treat because it
metastasizes (spreads) quickly throughout the body.
8. COPD is any lung disorder characterized by a longterm airway obstruction, making it difficult to breathe.
Analyze and Apply
9. tuberculosis
10. Inspiration and expiration for a person with
emphysema or chronic bronchitis will be limited,
compared to a person with healthy pulmonary
function, because lungs affected by emphysema
or chronic bronchitis are unable to expand due to
stiffness.
11. People with a family history of allergies are at a
higher risk for asthma because many of the same
stimuli that trigger allergies also cause asthma
attacks.
12. Purse-lipped breathing is recommended for people
with COPD because it helps maximize breathing and
ease shortness of breath.
Caption Questions
In the Lab
Figure 9.12: Wash your hands often with soap and hot
(or warm) water, and avoid touching your eyes, nose, and
mouth with your hands.
13. Pamphlet content will vary.
Figure 9.14: In people with emphysema and chronic
bronchitis, the concave-shaped expiration pattern is caused
by the inability of stiff lungs to expand.
Figure 9.15: COPD
Taking It Further, page 324
1. Responses will vary.
2. To help manage her exercise-induced asthma, the
team member could use an inhaler or bronchodilator
about ten minutes before exercise or a game to
control and prevent symptoms. As part of her overall
asthma management routine, she should use an
inhaled corticosteroid. In addition, warming up
before exercise and cooling down afterward can help
prevent an exercise-induced asthma attack. The
athlete should also restrict exercise on days when
the temperature is very low, the pollen count is high,
or air pollution levels are high. Finally, infections can
trigger an asthma attack, so the athlete should limit
exercise when she has a cold or sinus infection.
Know and Understand
1. group A streptococcus
2. laryngitis
3. By sneezing into your sleeve, you avoid
contaminating your hands, which helps prevent the
spread of infection.
4. Upper respiratory tract illnesses can be prevented
by covering your nose and mouth when you cough
or sneeze, washing your hands often using soap and
hot (or warm) water, using an alcohol-based hand
sanitizer, and not touching your nose, mouth, or eyes
with your hands.
5. a fever over 100 degrees, fatigue, aching muscles,
headache, nasal congestion, alternating chills and
sweating, and a dry cough
6. acute bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis
7. Pneumonia is treated with antibiotics and
supplemental oxygen, as needed.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter Assessments
Lesson 9.1 Functions and Anatomy of the
Respiratory System
1.
2.
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carbon dioxide
C
cilia
True
Sinuses
True
voice box
C
True
primary bronchi
alveoli
False
The conchae increase the turbulence of the airflow
in the nasal passage, allowing more particles to be
trapped in the mucous membranes that line the nasal
cavity and conchae. This filtering method is effective
because it keeps fewer particles from entering the
lungs.
14. Because there is no cartilage on the posterior side
of the trachea, the C-rings are flexible, allowing the
trachea to expand. This function is helpful when large
food particles pass through the esophagus, which
lies behind the trachea.
Lesson 9.2 Respiration: Mechanics and Control
15.
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gas exchange
respiration
A
Inspiration
False
C
True
B
D
A. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled during a
normal breath, and inspiratory reserve volume is the
Chapter 9 Answer Key
3
25.
26.
27.
28.
amount of air that can be inhaled immediately after a
normal inspiration.
B. Expiratory volume is the amount of air that can
be exhaled immediately after a normal expiration,
and vital capacity is the amount of air that can be
expired after a maximal inspiration.
C. FEV1 is the maximum amount of air that a person
can expire in one second, and ERV is the amount
of air that can be exhaled immediately after a
normal expiration.
True
C
The formula is used to determine total lung capacity
(TLC). IRV means inspiratory reserve volume,
the amount of air that can be inhaled immediately
following a normal inspiration; ERV means expiratory
reserve volume, the amount of air that can be
exhaled immediately following a normal expiration;
RV means reserve volume, the volume of air that
never leaves the lungs. These four elements equal
total lung capacity because they comprise all the
ways in which air exists in, and moves through, the
lungs.
It is not possible to hold your breath for long periods
of time because of the neural and chemical factors
that control breathing rate. When you hold your
breath, your body’s need for oxygen is registered
by the medulla and pons, which stimulate the
intercostal muscles to move, causing you to inhale
or exhale. In addition, during breath-holding, central
chemoreceptors detect high levels of carbon dioxide
in the body, and peripheral chemoreceptors detect
low levels of oxygen. The chemoreceptors stimulate
breathing by sending neural impulses to the inspiratory
center via the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
Lesson 9.3 Respiratory Disorders and Diseases
29.
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43.
A
pharyngitis
larynx (voice box)
D
False
viral
False
chronic bronchitis
C
smoking
C
True
True
chemotherapy
influenza; the patient has classic flu symptoms, and
the sudden onset of these symptoms is indicative of
the flu.
44. The term pink puffers is associated with emphysema
because the exertion of breathing causes patients
with this disease to develop a pink appearance.
By contrast, the term blue bloaters is associated
with chronic bronchitis because the lips and face
of patients with this form of COPD often turn blue
because of hypoxemia, and they develop a bloated
appearance due to increased residual volume.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Building Skills and Connecting
Concepts
Analyzing and Evaluating Data
45. Toua’s symptoms indicate asthma because airway
constriction, marked by chest tightness, wheezing, and
breathlessness, is the main characteristic of asthma.
This airway constriction is caused by bronchospams,
contractions of the smooth bronchial muscles.
46. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled during a
normal breath. Toua’s low tidal volume indicates
that his airways are constricted, preventing him from
drawing a complete breath.
47. Toua’s vital capacity—the total amount of air that he
can forcibly exhale from his lungs after a maximum
inhalation—indicates an asthmatic condition. A
below-average VC suggests asthma because it
indicates that the airways are constricted, preventing
the lungs from completely filling with air.
48. It is possible for a person with asthma to have a TLC
in the normal range. This is because, in the absence
of an asthma attack, the person does not experience
airway obstruction.
Communicating about Anatomy and
Physiology
49. Findings will vary.
50. Examples: The integumentary system not only helps
the lymphatic system protect the body against foreign
invaders, but it also protects all the other internal
organ systems. The skeletal and muscular systems
work together to move the body. The endocrine and
reproductive systems work together to produce and
regulate certain hormones, such as those involved
in growth and development of the male and female
reproductive systems. The digestive and urinary
systems work together to extract nutrients from food
and liquids and excrete waste products.
Lab Investigations
51. Results will vary.
52. Results will vary.
53. Answers will vary.
Workbook
Lesson 9.1: Learning the Key Terms
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Chapter 9 Answer Key
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Lesson 9.1: Study Questions
1. cardiopulmonary system; the blood, pumped through
the body by the cardiovascular system, transports
oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
Oxygen is delivered to the blood by the respiratory
system, while it also expels carbon dioxide from the
body.
2. The respiratory system is divided into two parts:
the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory
tract. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose,
mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. The lower
respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli, air
sacs in which the important gas-exchange function
occurs.
3. Answers may vary. passageway for air moving
into, or out of the lungs; filter and removed foreign
particles from inspired air; humidify and control the
temperature of inspired air; produce sound (voice);
produce a sense of smell (olfactory sense); aid in
immune defense; conduct air to the lower respiratory
tract
4. many more particles would enter the nose since the
cilia traps and prevents them from entering the nose
5. increasing the surface area available for filtering
inspired air; filtering inspired air by trapping particles
in its mucous membranes
6. It is believed to play a small role in speech, but it also
helps prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.
7. Answers may vary. lighten the weight of the head;
warm and moisten inspired air; amplify the tone of the
voice
8. the pharynx
9. Infection causes the sinuses to become swollen and
filled with fluid and germs. This prevents the voice
from projecting in its normal tone.
10. The Eustachian tubes of the middle ear drain into
the nasopharynx. Because of this connection, an
inner ear infection can cause an upper respiratory
infection, or vice versa.
11. the tonsils
12. routing air and food to the proper passageways and
producing speech
13. the epiglottis
14. Cartilaginous rings, or C-shaped rings, provide
support and prevent the airway from collapsing.
15. in the alveoli
16. Answers may vary. The large surface area of the
lungs provide almost unlimited numbers of sites for
gas exchange between the blood and alveolar sacs.
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
The membranes of the alveolar wall and capillary
walls are very thin, allowing carbon dioxide and
oxygen to pass through them quickly and easily.
Gases diffuse from areas of high concentration to low
concentration.
17. the mediastinum
18. The right lung has three lobes, but the left lung only
has two.
19. a sac of two slippery, serous membranes; One
membrane, the parietal pleura, lines the thoracic wall
and diaphragm. The other, the visceral pleura, covers
the lungs. Both pleura membranes secrete a serous
(watery) fluid that allows the two linings to smoothly
slide against each other as the lungs expand and
contract during respiration. The serous fluid also acts
like glue by keeping the two linings from pulling apart.
Lesson 9.1: The Upper Respiratory
Tract
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Lesson 9.1: The Anatomy of the
Lungs
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apex
larynx
clavicle
left superior lobe
mediastinum
left inferior lobe
base
right inferior lobe
middle lobe
right superior lobe
pleural sac
Lesson 9.2: Learning the Key Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vital capacity (VC)
respiratory gas transport
External respiration
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Chapter 9 Answer Key
5
5. forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital
capacity (FEV1/FVC)
6. Peripheral chemoreceptors
7. pulmonary ventilation
8. central chemoreceptor
9. Internal respiration
10. forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
11. total lung capacity (TLC)
12. Expiration
13. Mechanoreceptors
14. Respiration
15. functional residual capacity (FRC)
16. Hering-Breuer reflex
17. expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
18. Residual volume (RV)
19. Inspiration
20. Tidal volume (TV)
Lesson 9.2: Study Questions
1. The main function of the respiratory system is gas
exchange.
2. Pulmonary ventilation: air is continuously moved into
and out of the lungs
External respiration: fresh oxygen from outside
(external to) the body fills the lungs and alveoli,
allowing gas exchange between the alveoli and
pulmonary blood
Respiratory gas transport: the oxygen and carbon
dioxide gases in the blood are transported between
the lungs and different body tissues
Internal respiration: gas exchange occurs inside the
body between the tissues and capillaries
3. Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure; or, as the
volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the
gas decreases. For the lungs to be able to take
in air, the intrapulmonary pressure must be less
than the atmospheric pressure. When the direction
of airflow is reversed to expel air from the lungs,
the intrapulmonary pressure must be greater than
atmospheric pressure.
4. inhalation
5. the atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) is higher
than the intrapulmonary pressure (757 mm Hg); this
creates a vacuum, which sucks air into the lungs
6. Normal expiration is a passive process because it
does not require muscle contraction. During exercise
or when asthma or mucus accumulation narrows
the respiratory passageways, expiration becomes
an active process. In these instances, the internal
intercostals muscles and abdominal muscles must
contract to push air out of the lungs.
7. coughing, the need to clear dust or debris from the
lower respiratory tract; sneezing, the need to clear
the upper respiratory passages of dust or debris;
hiccupping, sudden inspirations against the vocal
cords of a close glottis; yawning, potentially caused
by the need to increase oxygen in the lungs
8. 12 to 15 breaths per minute
9. because they have a smaller lung capacity than men
10. the medulla oblongata and the pons
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
11. The Hering-Breuer reflex prevents overinflation of the
alveolar sacs by alerting the medulla oblongata that
the bronchioles and alveoli are full.
12. Central chemoreceptors monitor cerebrospinal fluid
pH because this indicates the level of carbon dioxide
in the body. Peripheral chemoreceptors are most
sensitive to oxygen.
13. six liters
14. static and dynamic lung volume; Static lung volume
measures only volume; dynamic lung volume
measures volume based upon time.
15. static lung volume
16. Residual volume is important because it allows gas
exchange to occur continuously between inspiration
and expiration.
17. The pulmonary function test is a dynamic lung
volume test. It can determine whether or not a person
has asthma, obstructive lung disease, or restrictive
lung disease.
Lesson 9.3: Learning the Key Terms
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Lesson 9.3: Study Questions
1. upper respiratory tract illnesses (URIs)
2. by direct hand-to-hand contact, handling a
contaminated object, and airborne droplets produced
by unprotected sneezing or coughing
3. Answers may vary. cover nose and mouth with a
tissue when coughing or sneezing; wash hands
often; avoid touching your hands to your eyes, nose,
or mouth
4. estimates are between 5% and 20%
5. sinusitis
6. Although similar in terms of sore throat, laryngitis is
defined by loss of voice.
7. The former are lower respiratory tract illnesses, while
the latter are upper respiratory tract illnesses.
8. the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchial
passageways; mostly characterized by a cough
9. the lungs
10. Chronic bronchitis is defined by a cough that persists
for at least three months, while acute bronchitis is a
temporary condition.
11. Answers may vary. smoking tobacco; exposure to
secondhand smoke, pollution, or chemical fumes.
Chapter 9 Answer Key
6
12. Emphysema causes chronic inflammation in the
lungs, damaging the alveolar ducts and the alveolar
sacs, and the pulmonary capillary bed. This damage
decreases the surface area of the lungs, limiting the
number of sites available for gas exchange.
13. Excessive mucus is produced in a patient with
chronic bronchitis, limiting respiration and gas
exchange. Also, bacteria can become trapped and
breed in the warm, moist environment of the lungs.
14. wheezing, breathlessness, coughing (especially at
night), and tightness in the chest
15. about 8% of adults and 9% of children
16. Lung cancer is the number one form of cancer
leading to death in the US.
17. Answers may vary. Although exposure to secondhand
smoke, radon, asbestos, and other toxins are risk
factors, in 90% of lung cancer cases, smoking
tobacco is the main cause.
18. Lung cancer metastasizes very quickly, so that
usually by the time it is detected, it has progressed
too far to treat.
Lesson 9.3: Researching Respiratory
Diseases and Disorders
Answers may vary.
Chapter 9: Respiratory System
Statistics
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300,000,000
1,500
80
0.75
12 to 15
757
763
40
25,000
2; 4
1; 5
8; 9
90
Chapter 9 Lab Investigation:
Respiration
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all answers will vary by individual
all answers will vary by individual
answers will vary by individual
answers will vary by individual
answers will vary by individual
answers will vary by individual
answers will vary by individual
Conclusions
1. after exercise
2. Deeper breathing increases lung volume.
3. after exercise
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
4. Shorter expiration/inspiration interval, faster
breathing rate.
5. Breathing deep and breathing faster increase the
amount of oxygen supplied to the blood.
6. after hyperventilating
7. As you hold your breath the carbon dioxide level in
your blood increases. A high level of carbon dioxide
causes you to take a breath. Hyperventilating
decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood,
allowing you go longer without taking a breath.
8. Breathing rates are different if you are sitting or
standing. You stood to collect consistent data.
Chapter 9 Practice Test
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thyroid cartilage
pulmonary system
Inspiration/Inhalation
Boyle’s law
Upper respiratory tract illnesses (URIs)
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Total lung capacity is a static lung volume
measurement that is a combination of the vital
capacity and the residual volume. It can be calculated
using the following equation: IRV + TV + ERV + RV.
37. The epiglottis controls both the destination of food
and liquid we consume and inhaled air. It is a small
flap of cartilaginous tissue that covers the trachea
when swallowing food and liquids to direct them
down the esophagus.
Chapter 9 Answer Key
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