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Drug delivery of topical vitamins, minerals & botanical ingredients for skin • • • • • • • • In Egypt, the pharmaceutical companies are in race of producing drugs under the title “ Dietary supplement” The companies are not in need for the permission of the health authorities for such production. Even their prices are not checked by any other authority .. In the following power points, one can notice the response in other countries concerning such type of products. @ The following vitamins are used in topical preparations: A , C, D, E,B3, K @ The minerals used in topical preparation will be discussed in separate slides. @ The botanical ingredients: there is no mention of the part of plant used in such preperations: stem, leaves, root, fruit ; in what stage of their growth, ; the amount ; the concentration of the active principals; the reaction with other constituent of such preparations & any experiment done for their efficiency on human or animals. In the present review @ a discussion of conventional topical preparations of vitamins, minerals, & botanical ingredients in cosmetics. @ their application in liposome @ the future nanotechnology in cosmetics & drugs for skin diseases • Vitamin C Moisturizing Cream Vitamin C enhances the skin's natural production of collagen and helps to support skin health. • * THESE STATEMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. THIS PRODUCT IS NOT INTENDED TO DIAGNOSE, TREAT, CURE, OR PREVENT ANY DISEASE. • Important Walmart Disclaimer: Used with permission. Copyright Walmart. All Rights Reserved. All content provided herein is for educational purposes only. Neither the author nor Walmart. com assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions or contrary interpretation of the subject matter herein. Walmart does not sponsor, recommend or endorse any third party, product, service or information provided on this site. • • • • • • • • • • Warnings For external use only. When using this product: Do not apply to wounds or damaged skin Do not bandage tightly Do not use in or near the eyes; if product gets into eyes, rinse thoroughly with water Do not use with an electric heating pad Stop use and ask a doctor if Condition worsens Symptoms last more than 7 days or clear up and occur again within a few days A rash or irritation develops If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. Drug smugglers trying to get marijuana across the Arizona-Mexico are using a new delivery method: a catapult. Using a video surveillance system, the National Guard caught several people launching packages over the border fence Part I Structure of the skin barrier • Schematic structure of the stratum corneum according to the brick and mortar model. The horny cells are embedded in a lamellar structured lipid matrix The epidermal lipids comprise 10 to 30 % of the total volume of the stratum corneum. The major components are: ceramides, fatty acids, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters . The lipids are organized as multiple lipid bilayers which form regions of semi-crystalline gel and liquid crystals domains Possible pathways for a penetrant to cross the skin barrier. across the intact horny layer, through the hair follicles with the associated sebaceaous glands, or via the sweat glands • • • • Three mechanisms are suggested for solute penetration of the horny extract: a. Transfollicle permeation (through hair follicles) and sudoriparous hair ducts - Various investigations have established that the transfollicle route is a very significant penetration route for many compounds b. Transcellular permeation: solutes pass directly through the horny cells and the intercellular lipid matrix c. Intercellular permeation: the solutes tortuously diffuse around the horny cells, constantly remaining in the lipid matrix. • • • • • • ACTIVE SUBSTANCE LIBERATION SYSTEMS FOR TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION Liposomes and niosomes, cyclodextrines, microparticles (microcapsules, microspheres) and nanoparticles (nanocapsules and nanospheres) are some of the types of liberation systems used to transport active substances in topical administration. Of these, nanoparticles are promising systems as they have no technological limitation, have high physicochemical stability, and can be incorporated in different formulations. Nanoparticulate systems can be used as vehicles for the modified liberation of a wide variety of active substances. Therefore, this active substance liberation system for topical application aims to (1) facilitate labile substance transport, increasing compound efficacy, and improving final product appearance; (2) maximize the length of time compounds remain in the skin, minimising transdermal absorption; and (3) liberate products in specific areas. It is not just the topical route which is hailed as promising in nanodermatology. Today there are many studies on the use of nanoparticles, mainly liposomes as delivery vehicles for drugs neoplasia treatment, such as melanoma skin cancer. Nanotechnology provides a way of encapsulating therapeutic agents which lead to improvements in circulation time, tumour absorption without compromising the reticuloendothelial system and minimising toxicity. DRUG TRANSPORT SYSTEMS FOR THE FOLLICULAR ROUTE From the systems frequently studied for topical treatments, microparticles stand out as presenting good stability and for allowing a modified liberation of active compounds.. Recent studies have shown that microparticle penetration through cutaneous appendages is proportional to their size. No microparticle larger than 10µm penetrates via follicle orifices or the horny layer, while particles with a diameter between 9 and 10µm concentrate around the follicle opening without any penetration. Microparticles of 7µm are frequently seen in much deeper regions of the follicle canal, but rarely penetrate the horny layer. Microparticles of 5µm display high concentrations in the follicle duct, but do not penetrate through the horny layer .Different studies have proven that micro and nanoparticle systems improve drug permanence in the skin without increasing transdermal transport.. With regard to exposure, the follicle route offers an extraordinary opportunity for drug transport in dermatological treatment and functional cosmetics. THE HAIR FOLLICLE AS A DRUG ACTION SITE • THE HAIR FOLLICLE AS A DRUG ACTION SITE • The pilosebaceous units have an important role in the permeation and penetration processes of topically applied compounds. The human hair follicle, as well as being a reservoir is an entry point for topically applied substances, and also contributes to transporting drugs through the skin. Liberation systems for drugs and formulations aimed selectively at the human hair follicle allow the delivery of effective doses of active compounds to the interior of the follicle duct. Possible applications include treating hair growth abnormalities as well as treating hair follicle associated diseases and general skin disorders. AloCel C - topical vitamin C therapy creme Vitamins E, A & D Moisturizing Cream Retinoids • • • In 1931, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Karrer, Morf & Schopp (Karrer, P., Morf, R, Schopp, K.: Zur Kenntnis de vitamin-a aus Fischtranin.helv Chim Acta, 1931: 14,1O36) for determining the structure of retinol ( vitamin A). Twelve years later ,retinol ( vitasmin A) was successfully synthesized & became commercially available. Since that time, retinoid field has proliferated with compounds now numbering more than 25OOproducts (Kligman, 1998) Initially, a retinoid was defined as a compound the structure & action of which resembled the parent compound retinol ( vitamin A). Through the last decades, chemists have made extensive modifications to the naturally occurring molecule that have resulted in the development of three generations of retinoids. The latest retinoids bear little structural resemblance to retinol ( Vitamin A) but still qualify as retinoids because they can exert their biologic action through the same nuclear receptors modulated by the active natural metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid. Retinoic acid is a lipid soluble molecule known to affect cell growth, differentiation, homeostasis, apoptosis & embryonic development. Retinoids (Continue) • Paul Karrer: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1937) Retinoids (Continue) • • • • • • • • • • • • • In fact, retinoids elicit their effects at the molecular level by regulating gene transcription and affecting activities such as cellular differentiation & proliferation. The three generations of retinoids: I. First generation (non aromatic): @ Retinol ( vitamin A) @ Tretinoin: Topically in acne & anti-aging products @ Isotretinoin: systemically for acne & hidradenitis suppurativa II. Second generation (mono -aromatic) @ Eterinate: Systemically for psoriasis, now rarely used @ Acitretin: Systemically for psoriasis , a metabolite of etretinate III. Third generation (poly-aromatic) @ Arotinoid @ Adaplane: Topically for acne @ Tazarotene : Topically for psoriasis & acne @ Bexarotene: Systemically for cutaneous lymphoma Retinoids (Continue) • • • The most important side effect of retinoids is their teratogenicity. Pregnancy & breastfeeding are absolute contraindication. Other side effects include a dose dependant cheilitis, epistaxis, dry mouth, xerosis, pruritis, skin fragility, photosensitivity, alopecia, pyogenic granuloma formation & nail changes. Bone pain may occur with or without bony exostosis, myalgia & arthralgia. Transiently liver function tests & serum lipids are also seen. A potential psychiatric side effects of systemic retinoids are controversial & care should be taken when prescribing for patients with a history of depression or suicidal ideation. @ Early users of retinoids warned to apply the product only at night. In fact, it has now been established that there is no decrease of the minimal erythema dose for human skin. Moreover, retinoids possess neither phototoxic nor photosensitizing activity. Calcipotriene cream contains vitamin D analog and is either used for treatment separately or along with other topical medications, but its overuse may cause other complications Tazarotene • • TAZORAC® (tazarotene) Cream, 0.05% and 0.1% is for topical use and contains the active ingredient, tazarotene. Each gram of TAZORAC® Cream, 0.05% and 0.1% contains 0.5 and 1 mg of tazarotene, respectively in a white cream base. Tazarotene is a member of the acetylenic class of retinoids. Chemically, tazarotene is ethyl 6[(4,4dimethylthiochroman-6yl)ethynyl]nicotinate. The compound has an empirical formula of C21H21NO2S and molecular weight of 351.46. The structural formula is shown below: Acnessential 4% Topical Niacinamide cream | Gel | Acne Cream & Acne Scar Removal - Vitamin B3 Cream Topical Vitamin D Cream • Vitamin D is known as the 'sunshine vitamin' as it is made when the skin is exposed to the Ultra Violet rays of the sun. Unfortunately these are the same rays that damage skin, causing it to age prematurely. SAFE-D Cream features Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) which is normally produced naturally in the skin from exposure to sunlight. Vitamin K Cream with Menaquinone-7, 97% Natural • • • Ingredients: Purified (deionized) water, Aloe barbadensis (aloe vera) leaf gel, vegetable glycerin, Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) seed oil, Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) oil, extra virgin Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, beeswax, cocoa butter, shea butter, vitamin K2 (as menaquinone-7) (in a base of sunflower oil), glucose and glucose oxidase and lactoperoxidase (natural preservative), phenoxyethanol, d-panthenol (vitamin B-5), vitamin E (tocopherol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), soy lecithin, potassium hydroxide, xanthan gum, lavender oil, white thyme oil, Origanum vulgare (oregano) leaf extract, Thymus vulgaris (thyme) leaf extract, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) bark extract, Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf extract, Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) flower extract, Citrus medica limonum (lemon) peel extract, Mentha piperita (peppermint) leaf extract, Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) root extract, Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract. Directions: Apply two times per day to premoistened skin. WARNING: Consult your healthcare provider if using blood-thinning medication or if you are pregnant or nursing. For external use only. Avoid contact with eyes. If skin irritation occurs, discontinue use. Vitamin K Cream • • • • • • Ingredients: Purified Water, Glyceryl Stearate, Vegetable Oil, Vitamin K, Stearyl Stearate, Lactic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, Allantoin, Lime Flower Extract, Cetearyl Alcohol, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate And Citric Acid. Directions: Apply morning and night with moistened fingertips.* *Test for sensitivity before beginning treatment: test behind ear. For all skin types. No Animal Ingredients No Animal Testing Vitamin K Creme Plus • Vitamin K Creme Plus is an intense skin nourishing creme that uses a horse chestnut, calendula and bioflavonoids. Regular use of this will help tone down redness, minimize the appearance of broken blood vessels, heal bruises faster, relieve pain from burns, lighten under eye circles and moisturize extremely dry skin Calcipotriene cream contains vitamin D analog and is either used for treatment separately or along with other topical medications, but its overuse may cause other complications Stridex Single-Step Acne Control Essential with Vitamins Alcohol Free • Salicylic Acid 1% W/W Acne Medication • Effective Acne Control and Healthy Skin • Moderate Keratolytic Action Helps Unclog Pores • Effective Cleansing System Removes Dirt & Oil • Contains Vitamins C & E to Promote Healthy Skin Vitacreme B12 • Vitacreme B12 penetrates up to the dermo-epidermal junction thanks to its liposomic agents where it reactivates the growth of germinal cells (deep layer of the epidermis) and promotes the formation of elastin and collagen fibres. Vitacreme B12 allows to reprogram the hydration process in dry skins. • Vitacreme B12 is efficient in the treatment of breaks, cement disease and helps bedridden patients suffering from bedsores. Vitacreme B12 is ideal to withstand ageing as it helps regenerate, nourish and moisturise. Cellulite Treatment • • • Cellulite is a very common problem for many people, whether overweight or not. It is caused by a layer of fat cells unevenly distributed beneath the skin. It causes the surface of the skin to look dimpled and bumpy, Cream Topical creams are one of the most widely available and affordable treatments for the appearance of cellulite. There are many different types of cellulite treatment creams. Mostly, these products differ in their mineral and chemical content. Results will vary depending on the type of cream you choose. A particularly effective type of topical cream is a solution of .3 percent retinol cream, applied twice daily. Studies have shown that consistent use of this type of cream can help to reduce the appearance after six months. Though the scientific evidence is lacking on its benefits, topical cream is a very popular method of treatment because it is the cheapest and least risky option. Read more Topical Mineral Cream Magnesium Oil Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil • • • • • • • • • Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil is considered the gold standard for rapidly restoring cellular magnesium levels through the skin. A concentrated transdermal magnesium mineral supplement, our absorbable magnesium oil contains only raw, ultra pure magnesium chloride and other trace minerals drawn from the Ancient Zechstein Seabed in Northern Europe. One teaspoon contains approximately 560 mg of elemental magnesium. Ancient Minerals Magnesium Chloride Oil is: The #1 most recommended magnesium oil in the world Ultra-pure and highly concentrated Rapidly absorbed into the skin Easily applied in a convenient spray Available in an 8 oz (237 ml) spray and 64 oz (1.9 L) professional size Magnesium Oil Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil • Ancient Minerals Magnesium Gel is: • A powerful combination of magnesium and bio-active aloe vera • Significant for massage applications • Highly therapeutic for psoriasis, eczema, and other skin conditions • Efficient at delivering extensive topical and cosmetic benefits • Available in an 8 oz (237 ml) spray and 64 oz (1.9 L) professional size Magnesium Oil Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil • Ancient Minerals Magnesium Lotion is: • Ideal for children and sensitive individuals • Highly therapeutic for psoriasis, eczema, and other skin conditions • Significant for massage applications • Effective at encouraging healthy skin tissue • Available in an 8 oz (237 ml) squeeze bottle Magnesium Oil Ancient Minerals Magnesium Oil • • • • • • • Ancient Minerals Magnesium Chloride Flakes are: Ideal for children and other sensitive individuals Effective for stress relief and relaxation Great for soaking achy muscles and joints Highly therapeutic for psoriasis, eczema, and other skin conditions Able to deliver extensive topical and cosmetic benefits Available in a 1.65 lb (.75 kg), 6.5 lb (3 kg) and 32 lb (14.5 kg) professional size Jason Pure Natural Muscle Pain Therapy Cooling Minerals and Tea Tree • Humans have been using the skin as a direct pathway into the body for centuries, and only recently have we begun to understand the science behind it. • Many people are familiar with the healing properties of saunas, used quite often for detox and general well-being. Saunas are the closest modern equivalent to the ancient practice of “balneology”, a healing method that can be traced to antiquity. Ancient treatments in fact involved a variety of transdermal therapies ranging from mineral baths, to herbal compresses, to mud packs,to be buried in sand, to steam and sweat lodges. These topical remedies were not limited to one culture, but were a part of many of the documented societies spread throughout the world. • • Ancient Roman Bath in Bath, England Chemical Peels • The main advantage of chemical peels lies in the fact that they can be tailored for use according to the needs of the patient and can be used synergistically with other inoffice procedures and topical creams to achieve synergistic effects. Chemical peels for treating melasma may be superficial or medium depth peels. Alpha and beta hydroxy peels like glycolic, salicylic, Jessner's, TCA, azelaic acid peels have been studied extensively for their therapeutic benefits in resistant melasma. Deeper peels are generally not used for melasma as they are associated with complications e.g. hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, scarring, keloid formation, secondary infection, allergic reaction, acneiform eruption, persistent erythema, milia formation and improper healing. The newer peels are being reviewed for their use in resistant cases of melasma. Epidermal melasma were treated with 92% (full strength) lactic acid as a peeling agent. Lactic acid peels have also been compared with Jessner's as therapeutic modality No statistically significant difference in pigmentation between the 2 sides. [Thus, lactic acid can be a safe, effective and less costly peeling alternative for melasma. Pyruvic acid: It is a naturally-derived alpha keto acid, formulated in hydroethanolic vehicle, used in concentration of 40% - 70% as a superficial peeling agen. It appeared to be well tolerated when assessed clinically and by noninvasive methods. Further studies would be required with this chemical peel in dark skinned subjects. Tretinoin peels: 1% tretinoin and 70% glycolic acid peels were applied .The patients were assessed by MASI scoring. The difference between the 2 sides was not significant. Both the peels were well-tolerated. Another new peeling agent is acidified amino acid peels, which are carboxylated acidic amino acids, created by dissolution and acidification of natural amino acids due to their potent antioxidants, tyrosinase inhibitory and exfoliant action and are, therefore, effective against melasma. As they have an alkaline pH (close to physiological pH), they are well-tolerated, especially in patients with dry and sensitive skin. They also offer hydration benefits by virtue of their amino acid group and are well-tolerated by patients. Another potential peeling agent, which has been successfully tried in post-acne hyperpigmentation and can be used for melasma in future, is mandelic acid, an aromatic alpha hydroxy acid. Chemically, it is alpha hydroxy benzene acetic acid. It is extracted from bitter almonds and has an advantage of causing less irritation as its large molecular weight causes slow penetration into the skin. It is available in algae extract gel or lotion base in concentration of 2% - 10% in isolation and also in combination with other topical vitamins C and E. It was applied as peeling agent in concentration of 30% - 50% weekly or biweekly and used as a face wash (2%) in patients with melasma. There was significant sustained effect even in dermal melasma, and no post peel hyperpigmentation was recorded. Its advantage lies in its synergistic effects with lasers and lesser side effects like erythema, crusting thus ensuring better compliance. Chemical peels have been used alone as well as in combination with lasers and topical therapy to achieve desired synergistic effects in a shorter duration of time even in resistant cases. The peels have also been used in combination with topical ascorbic acid and triple combination in dark-skinned patients to achieve better results and patient satisfaction. Benefits of topical minerals • • Calcium Everyone knows that high levels of calcium are important for stronger bones, but did you know that Calcium is also an important component in your skin? Calcium helps keep your skin young, and a Calcium deficiency in your skin can lead to dryness, itching, premature wrinkles, and even cancer. Furthermore, your body will try to compensate for this deficiency by borrowing Calcium from your bones, making your skeleton weaker. In addition, calcium has an anti-oxidant effect AND protects your skin's collagen and elastin producing properties, keeping your skin fresh and young. • • Magnesium Magnesium has many benefits, including helping with easing stiff muscles, chronic skin problems, helps treat skin problems caused by allergic reactions, aids in hydrating dry or inflamed skin, relieves stress , and helps cleanse the body of heavy metals that accumulate, such as lead, aluminum, cadmium, and mercury. Furthermore, due to its mildly laxative nature, the body does not absorb Magnesium orally as easily as it does topically. • • • Potassium Potassium has a few important benefits, namely maintaining a healthy immune system. Your body can suffer from Potassium deficiencies after a prolonged illness, or after you have diarrhea or prolonged vomiting. Potassium can commonly be found in fruits, Sodium (primarily in the form of sea salt) has several important topical functions, including exfoliating your skin, improving circulation, easing stiff muscles, and clearing up uneven skin tones. • • Selenium One of the lesser known minerals, Selenium is a trace element in soil that is essential to good health. Selenium serves as an anti-oxidant and fights free radicals. In addition, when taken with Vitamin C and E, it helps fight against Cancer, heart disease, viral infections, and aging. In addition, studies have shown that it may slow the progression of HIV/AIDS. • • Copper Copper is an essential mineral that is useful in fighting wrinkles by stimulating the production of Collagen and Elastin, assists in oxygenating the skin, helps your skin retain moisture, and increases the speed that your skin heals from wounds. • • Phosphorous Phosphorous is essential in the creation of strong bones. In addition, it aids your kidneys filter toxins, increases reproductive health, improves digestion, and improves your body's regulation of energy. Phosphorous is a common element is everything that you eat, so supplements are generally not needed. • • • • Aluminum Aluminum is a very common element found in nature. It is non-toxic and does not cause any health problems, but offers almost no benefits, either. It is just there. Zinc First and foremost, dietary Zinc and topical Zinc are not interchangeable, so a Zinc-rich diet will not give the same benefits as applying Zinc topically. Topical Zinc aids in cell development, in wound healing, sun protection, and the treatment of rashes and other topical skin problems. • • • • • • • Chromium Chromium is a trace mineral that is used to alleviate high blood pressure and hypertension. It has also been shown to help improve muscle tone. Bromide Bromide is used by your White Blood Cells to help fight multi-cellular parasites. In addition, it helps fight germs when applied directly to the skin. Iron Iron is an essential element for life. You cannot live without it. Botanical skincare Botanical skincare • Ingredient • Purified Water, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Vegetable Glycerine, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl Stearate, White Peony Tea Extract, Green Tea Extract, Calendula Extract, PEG-7 Olivate, Allantoin, Fragrance, Propylene Glycol, Diazolidinyl Urea, Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate Botanical skincare Detox Body Cream • • THIS INTENSIVE BODY CARE HAS BOTH SLIMMING AND FIRMING PROPERTIES. THE BOTANICAL INGREDIENTS IT CONTAINS PROMOTE FAT METABOLISM AND TISSUE CLEANSING. THE BODY SHAPE APPEARS TO BE IMPROVED AND THE SKIN BECOMES SMOOTHER AND FIRMER. THIS LIGHT CREAM IS QUICKLY ABSORBED BY THE SKIN. THE INTENSIVE MOISTURIZERS AND INVIGORATING ESSENTIAL OILS LEAVE THE SKIN FEELING VERY FRESH AND SILKY SOFT. ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: COCOA BEAN EXTRACT, OMES OFFICINALES MUSHROOM, ESSENTIAL OIL OF MINT AND PEPPERMINT, RED ALGA Aloa Vera moisturizing cream • This delicate cream, rich in Aloe Vera, is blended with natural oils and herbs to soften your skin and keep it lovely, smooth and glowing. pH balanced. * THESE STATEMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. THIS PRODUCT IS NOT INTENDED TO DIAGNOSE, TREAT, CURE, OR PREVENT ANY DISEASE Arbutin Collagen Moisturizing Cream • Collagen Moisturizing Cream uses highly purified collagen in its native 3-D form as the base of a formula containing natural moisturizers such as jojoba oil and a skin lipid extract. • This formula has a high water binding potential and can be easily absorbed by the skin to facilitate hydration • active ingredients: copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, amino acids, ceramides, olive oil, green tea, vitamin E, wheat germ, lemon, rosemary, myrrh, borage seed oil, pine cone extract, cholesterol, horsetail, vitamin A, Chronocylin®. • Re-mineralizes, proven co-factor in the production of collagen and elastin, fights appearance of wrinkles, hydrates, improves tone and texture. Topical therapies for melasma-plant and non-plant derivatives IJDVL 78 : 417, 2O12 Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Hair Regrowth Injections : mesotherapy Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Botox Injections Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Botox for Hyperhidrosis Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Liposuction does not permanently remove fat Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Hair Transplant Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Sclerotherapy Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • HAND REJUVENATION : sclerotherapy Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Dermabrasion Peeling Machine Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Intralesional corticosteroid • • Dermajet Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • intralesional injection of hyertrophic scar by corticosteroid Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • Ten months later, after nine injections of intralesional bleomycin, the left visual axis is completely cleared and all treated areas show marked improvement Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • After five intralesional bleomycin injections, the right visual axis has been cleared completely and regression of the remaining tumor has commenced Potential clinical applications of nanoparticles in radiation oncology. This cartoon outlines some of the many ways in which nanoparticles can improve radiation therapy, namely thermoradiotherapy, radioimmunotherapy, radiation dose enhancement, delivery of payloads of drug/imaging agent/oligonucleotides to enhance radiotherapy efficacy or image-guidance, and boron neutron capture therapy. NIR, near infrared; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid Part II. Principal strategies for optimizing skin penetration Various colloidal carriers employed during topical delivery of drugs List of drugs (topical) encapsulated in various carrier systems[25-64] Carriers for topical and transdermal drug delivery Lipid particulate drug delivery systems Topical drug delivery system Interaction of phospholipid with water A model liposome nanoparticle for drug delivery Various mechanisms of penetration of drug-loaded liposomes across skin IJDVL 76: 612, 2O1O Effects of carrier systems on the stratum corneum water content and on the penetration of active ingredients Basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the formation of bubbles caused by cavitation Basic principle of phonophoresis. Ultrasound pulses are passed through the probe into the skin fluidizing the lipid bilayer by the formation of bubbles caused by cavitation Basic principle of iontophoresis. A current passed between the active electrode and the indifferent electrode repelling drug away from the active electrode and into the skin. Basic principle of electroporation. Short pulses of high voltage current are applied to the skin producing hydrophilic pores in the intercellular bilayers via momentary realignment of lipids. Novel Drug Delivery Systems IJDVL 76: 612, 2O1O • The topical route has been adjudged as one of the most relevant to treat dermatological disorders more effectively. In contrast to the conventional formulations based on creams and ointments, these novel dermatological systems are different in their composition and constructs including their exterior and interior design. Various pharmaceutical and dermatological variables influence the choice of the system as per the demand of the drug and disease. Phospholipids represent a special class of surfactants with two long fatty acid chains (lipid region) and a bulky polar head (hydrophilic region) linked with phosphor-group on glycerol as the backbone. The unique structural features allow phospholipids to interact with water to form wellorganized supra-structures like liposomes. The variation in composition and methods influences the nature of such self-assembled supra-structures in terms of their shape, design, size, and surface properties. This leads to different classes of carriers, viz. liposomes, transfersomes, micro and nanoemulsions, niosomes, dendrimers invasomes solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs),and nano lipid carriers (NLCs) . These carrier systems provide the entrapment opportunities to the drug molecules within their interior locations as per their fitment of steric and physicochemical properties. Association of drugs with carriers is normally noncovalent, based on collective strength of weak binding forces. Many newer carriers are evolving with the advent of technology and the demand of targeted delivery like ethosomes, emulsomes, magnetic nanoparticles, resealed erythrosomes and bilosomes. Topical Liposome cream Moisturizing Body Cream • Moisturizing and filmogenic body cream with hyperthermal mineral water liposomes (sulfur-sulfatebicarbonate-alkaline). Cosmetic uses Beneficial in the cosmetic treatment of dry and dehydrated skin. Particularly effective in restoring the hydrolipidic film and in treating skin atrophy. Liquid Minerals • The look is moist and light. The feel is like a second skin. A lightreflecting, mineral foundation in a special liquid formulation. The beads are actually liposomes entrapping liposomes. This stateof-the-art technology enables us to encapsulate large amounts of active ingredients, which are then time-released into the skin. The spheres are suspended in a gel of aloe vera and vegetable glycerin. Makeup and skin care in one bottle! • Diminishes fine lines and wrinkles • Minimizes pores and evens skin tone • Provides lightweight, comfortable coverage Hand cream • • • A formula of essential oils and Dead Sea Minerals uniquely combined with liposomes to prevent roughness and cracking while nourishing and protecting your hands and nails for healthy-looking and beautiful hands. Each pure essential oil has its own therapeutic properties. Now uniquely combined with Dead Sea Minerals and Liposomes, it creates a very high performance cream. Contains natural UVA & UVB sunscreen protection. Application : Spread on hands and massage gently. Ingredients : Deinoized Water (Aqua), Cyclomethicone (and) Dimethiconol, Emulsifying Wax, Cetearyl Alcohol, Cyclomethicone/Dimethicone, Stearic Acid, Liposome Complex – Aloe Barbadensis Extract & Lecithin, Dead Sea Minerals, Mud & Water (Sea Silt and Aqua), DMDM Hydantoin & Iodo Propynyl Butyl Carbamate, Triethanolamine, Fragrance (Parfum). Almond Soothing Liposomes Cream with Aloe Vera • • Cream with Liposomes is a very light textured cream between a gel and an emulsion. It is able to penetrate into the epidermis. All of the active ingredients of this emulsion are extracted from plants. Sweet Almond Oil is rich in fatty acids and proteins to nourish the skin. Aloa vera stimulates the healing process, injured and stressed skin is soothed. Ginkgo Biloba neutralizes free radicals, one of the causes of aging. It also improves capillary blood flow and strengthens tissues. Liposome Cream • Deionized Water, Glyceryl Stearate SE, Glycerine USP, Phospholipids and (Super Oxide Dismutase, Sodium Hylauronate, Retinyl Palmitate USP), Hybrid Sunflower Seed Oil, Squalane (from olives), Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, Mineral Oil, Cetearyl Alcohol, Ceteareth-20, Stearic Acid, Sodium PCA, D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate USP, Dimethicone, Wheat Germ Oil, Extracts of Hops, Rosemary, Horsetail, Pine and Lemon, Aloe Vera Gel, Sorbitan Stearate, PPG 15-Stearyl Ether, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Disodium EDTA USP, Triethanolamine, Citric Acid USP, Propylene Glycol USP, Diazolidinyl Urea, Methylparaben, Propylparaben. • • • Elastin Cream with Liposome Anti-Aging Cream! Not tested on animals Intensive Care Liposome Cream For dry skin With organic Wild Rose and organic Avocado oil LIPOSOME HAIR COLOR • Liposome Hair Color formula Intel B5 based on Cream/Gel concept and a Controlled Release of Active Ingredients. Enriched with Liposomes, Panthenol, Creatin, Guar Gum and Higly Expanding Factor Pigments NeoCell Collagen+C™ Liposome Serum • NeoCell Collagen TM Liposome Serum is a skin defense serum that rejuvenates the skin with a potent topical antioxidant, guarding against sun and wind to minimize dry skin and wrinkles. It contains fat-soluble Vitamin C and Vitamin E as well as phospholipids (naturally contain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids), all in a time-release stable liposome form. Collagen TM Liposome Serum enhances the skin's firmness, elasticity, and moisture. NeoCell Collagen+C™ Liposome Serum utilises micro-sphere liposome technology to deliver time-released fat-soluble Vitamin C (as Ascorbyl Palmitate) deep into the skin where it boosts the natural production and maintenance of collagen DIRECTIONS: Once or twice daily, gently smooth a few drops of Collagen+C™ Liposome Serum on clean, dry skin over face and neck. AVOID EYE CONTACT. INGREDIENTS: • Purified Water • Phospholipids • Tocopheryl Acetate (also known as dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate, Vitamin E) • Ascorbyl Palmitate (fat-soluble Vitamin C) • Soluble Collagen • Acrillymide/ Sodium Acryloydmethylaurate Copolymer Isohexadecane • Isohexadine • Polysorbate-80 • Butylene Glycol • Xanthan Gum • Tyrosine • Proline • Cysteine • Zinc Chloride • Phenoxyethanol • Methylparaben • Ethylparaben • Potassium Sorbate • Propylparaben • Butylparaben Lipo CTM - Liposome-encapsulated Active Vitamin C with Vitamin E, CoQ10 and Zinc Contains L-ascorbic acid - the only know form of vitamin C that the body can recognize and utilize for collagen production Types of niosomes • • • • • • • • • • • Niosomes are microscopic lamellar structures composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. The niosomes have amphiphillic bilayer structure in a way that polar region is oriented outside and inside the vesicles where the hydrophilic drug will be entrapped and non-polar region is formed within the bilayer where hydrophobic drug can be entrapped The formation of vesicular system based on hydration of mixture of a single-alkyl chain nonionic surfactant and cholesterol was firstly reported in 1979. Niosomes might be produced by various types of nonionic surfactants including polyglycerol alkyl ethers, crown ethers, ester-linked surfactants, glucosyldialkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers,). 2.1. Types of niosomes 2.1.1. Proniosomes Proniosome is a dry granular product that can be able to form a niosome suspension after hydration . Proniosomes are developed to overcome the disadvantage of vesicular system.. Carrier + surfactant = Proniosomes Proniosomes + water = Niosomes 2.1.2. Aspasomes Mixture of acorbyl palmitate, cholesterol and highly charged lipid diacetyl phosphate leads to the construction of vesicles named aspasomes. Aspasomes are first hydrated with water/aqueous solution and then sonicated to attain the niosomes. Aspasomes are suggested to improve the transdermal permeation of drugs. 2.1.3. Vesicles in water and oil system (v/w/o) In this system suspension of aqueous niosomes (v/w) are emulsified into the oily phase at 60°C to form vesicle in water in oil emulsion (v/w/o) . Cooling to room temperature forms vesicle in water in oil gel (v/w/o gel). 2.1.4. Deformable niosomes Elastic niosomes are prepared of nonionic surfactants, ethanol and water. They show superior to conventional niosomes due to their capability to increase penetration efficiency of a compound through intact skin by passing through pores in the stratum corneum, which are smaller than the vesicles . The flexibility of their structure allows them to pass through pores that are less than one-tenth of these vesicles. Mechanism of skin permeation of deformable niosome Structure of nanodispersed vehicle systems Part III. Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: A Revolution in Dosage Form Design and Development • Rapid advances in the ability to produce nanoparticles of uniform size, shape, and composition have started a revolution in science. The development of lipid-based drug carriers has attracted increased attention over the last decade. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g. solid lipid nanoparticles, SLNs) are at the forefront of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology with several potential applications in drug delivery, clinical medicine and research, as well as in other varied sciences. Due to their size‐dependent properties, lipid nanoparticles offer the possibility to develop new therapeutics that could be used for secondary and tertiary level of drug targeting. Hence, lipid nanoparticles hold great promise for reaching the goal of controlled and site specific drug delivery and has attracted wide attention of researchers. The nanotechnology includes: Coated nanoparticles Pegylated nanoparticles Solid Lipid nanoparticles (SLN) Nanogels Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Systems • PHARMACEUTICAL CARRIERS Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Systems • • • • • • • • Polymeric Nanoparticles Liposomes Metallic Nanoparticles Micelles Carbon Nanotubes Drug Delivery (synthesis and applications • Polymeric nanoparticle Liposome • Micell metalic nanoparticle Carbon nanotube Common skin barrier problems in psoriasis IJDVL 76 :612, 2O1O Can we stop piercing our skin !!! • • • Today, cosmetic formulation contains nano-sized structures & used the progress in nanotechnology in medicine. Vitamins , mineral & botanical ingredients. They form the future opportunities & challenges of the nonoparicles & nanomediocine. Nanoemulsions are commonly used in certain cosmetic products such as conditioners or lotions. Many modern cosmetic or sunscreen products contain nanosized components . Nanoemulsions are transparent and have unique tactile and texture properties; nanocapsule, nanosome, noisome, or liposome formulations contain small vesicles (range: 50-5000 nm) consisting of traditional cosmetic materials that protect light- or oxygen-sensitive cosmetic ingredients. Transversal delivery and cosmetic research suggests that vesicle materials may penetrate the stratum corneum (SC) of the human skin, but not into living skin. The first generation of lipid nanoparticles was introduced as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and the second, improved generation as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Identical to the liposomes, the lipid nanoparticles appeared as products first on the cosmetic market. Due to the lower risk of systemic side effects, topical treatment of skin disease appears favorable, yet the SC counteracts the penetration of xenobiotics into viable skin. Summary of the various types of NPs currently being studied for their use as vaccine carriers The Secrets Anti-aging • There are several main ingredients which make Bellaplex an effective product. The first is Matrixyl 3000. This special blend helps increase the skins natural collagen production which is lost with age. Users have seen up to 44% decrease in deep wrinkles and dramatic changes in their skin tone and complexion. The second key ingredient in the Bellaplex trial offer is Argireline. This amino acid combination is specially formulated to decrease surface wrinkles. Users will see life-changing results within two weeks of use. The ability of Argireline and Matrixyl 3000 to decrease wrinkles quickly is one of the reasons why this popular product is considered an alternative to Botox injections. Finally, Bellaplex also contains Hyaluronic acid which naturally hydrates the skin resulting in smoothness and has the ability to combat future wrinkles. • Bellaplex Trial Scam Ingredients “Liposome" technology for skin care • • Scientific studies demonstrate that it is now possible to apply topical preparations to one's skin and achieve noticeable anti-aging effects. The cosmetic industry has been racing to develop therapeutic skin care treatments that can clinically demonstrate results. The first step in resolving this problem is to encase the active ingredients so that they can be absorbed through the top layer into the lower layers of the skin where they are most active. The second obstacle to overcome is designing a delayed release system so that the active ingredients can be released over an extended amount of time. After all, most people are only going to apply a face cream once a day. Skin cells, on the other hand, require the continuous presence of active ingredients to optimally protect against ultraviolet and environmentally induced damage • Your topical products benefit by utilizing liposomes when compared to "free actives" incorporated into conventional vehicles (ointments, creams, gels and lotions Overview of historical development of dermal nanocarrier systems – from nanoemulsions to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) (explanation cf. text). • Effects of lipid nanoparticles (LN) on the skin: LN adhere, form a f lm on the skin (upper), which protects against hazards from the environment and increases dermal penetration of actives • Incorporation of molecular sunscreens into NLC increases their UV absorption capacity, in addition UV is scattered by NLC particles (= synergistic effect, upper), TiO2 nanoparticles can be f rmly enclosed in larger NLC eliminating skin penetration and also increasing the UV scattering effect (lower). • IR radiation penetrates skin deeply leading to formation of aging-promoting ROS (left). Compared to antioxidants in a cream, antioxidants from NLC penetrate better and can block more eff ciently the oxidative stress cascade (right) • Irritated inf amed skin with microscratches and bacterial colonization (upper), antibacterial effect of silver ions released from microsilver (middle) and restoration of skin barrier by adsorbing highly adhesive NLC f lm (lower). • Mechanism of NLC in atopic dermatitis (AD): Positive silver ions adsorb on the negatively charged NLC forming the sNLC complex (upper), the sNLC adsorb on bacteria killing them (e.g. S. aureus), and form a silver coated f lm on the skin normalizing the distorted skin barrier and preventing renewed bacterial colonization (lower). • Primarily localization of the active molecule (green) in the outer nanoparticle shell leads to fast release (left), distribution throughout the particle matrix to sustained/prolonged release (middle), and enrichment in the lipid nanoparticle core to delayed/minimized release (e.g. desired for sunscreens). Nanotechnology in dermatology • . Many modern cosmetic or sunscreen products contain nanosized components . Nanoemulsions are transparent and have unique tactile and texture properties; nanocapsule, nanosome, noisome, or liposome formulations contain small vesicles (range: 50-5000 nm) consisting of traditional cosmetic materials that protect light- or oxygen-sensitive ingredients. . Modern sunscreens contain insoluble titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) or zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NP), which are colorless and reflect/scatter ultraviolet (UV) more efficiently than larger particles. • Due to the lower risk of systemic side effects, topical treatment of skin disease appears favorable, yet the SC counteracts the penetration of xenobiotics into viable skin. With advances in nanotechnology, pure silver has been recently engineered into nanometer-sized particles (diameter <100 nm) for use in the treatment of wounds. it was demonstrated that the topical application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can promote wound healing through the modulation of cytokines. Nonetheless, the question as to whether AgNPs can affect various skin cell types keratinocytes and fibroblasts - during the wound-healing process still remains.] Skin can be exposed to solid nanoscale particles through either intentional or non-intentional means. Intentional dermal exposure to nanoscale materials may include the application of lotions or creams containing nanoscale TiO 2 or ZnO as a sunscreen component or fibrous materials coated with nanoscale substances for water- or stain-repellent properties. Nano Silver Antibacterial Cosmetics Make-up Melanoma-containing human skin and possible mechanism of nanoparticle transport by paracellular, transfollicular and intracellular routes (left to right). The two main types of polymeric nanoparticles known as nanosphere (matrix system) and nanocapsule (reservoir system) with different drugloading modalities. Liposome and its different drug-loading and surface functionalization modalities. Dendrimer and its different drug-loading modalities. Cubosome exhibiting its cavernous internal and cubic structure and its membrane composition with different drug-loading modalities. Polymersome (polymer vesicle) exhibiting a polymeric shell and different drug-loading possibilities Nanotechnology in Dermatology An. Bras. Derm 89: no 1, 2O14 • • • • • • • • • • • • • Consumer products: @ photoprotectors There is a current increase in the use of nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) in photoprotector products.These nanoparticles promote less skin whitening than inorganic composition sun filters, generating more effective products in relation to the capacity to disperse, absorb, and reflect UV radiation as well as being more aesthetically elegant.. @ Innovations in cosmetics Nanomaterials and nanobiotechnology have the potential to radically change the way cosmetics and medicines provide their benefits. But nanoparticles are specifically used to encapsulate a vast range of substances beneficial to skin. In this way nanovesicles, characterised as a delivery system, in addition to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), are being developed for both pharmaceutical and cosmetic use. Chitin nanofibrils are made from a natural polysaccharide obtained from crustacean shells after carbonate and protein removal. It is easily metabolised by endogenous body enzymes, and as well as possessing eco and bio compatible characteristics, can be used with safety. These nanofibrils activate keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation, and regulate collagen synthesis and cytokine and macrophage secretion.There is interesting evidence in relation to their capacity to not just act on the appearance of photoaged skin, but also to promote wound healing reducing hypertrophic scars @. Treatment of inflammatory disorders In diseases where the barrier function of the skin against irritants is prejudiced, such as in atopic dermatitis, emulsions with active ingredients are currently used to imprison or transform allergens. Nanoparticles can be used to more evenly distribute these substances, as for example in antioxidant carriers, protecting the skin from doxorubicin excretion by sweat glands. Similarly nanoparticle barrier creams are more effective than high lipid content moisturisers in protecting the skin against water loss and minimising the potential threat of contact dermatitis on the hands, also demonstrating better occlusive results and action against antioxidants. Corticoids, which have many applications in dermatology, are also associated with nanoparticles. Association with liposomal formulations minimise some known steroid side effects, such as cutaneous atrophy, which limits chronic use. Podophylotoxin encapsulated in SLN has similar effects to steroids in treating genital warts. Promising results have been seen with liposomal T cell inhibitor, Cyclosporine A, and Tachrolimus formulations. Besides, nanoparticles provide higher tolerability, improved safety, and excellent effects. Methotrexate, Psoralens, Dibranol, Clotrimazol, and other antifungal drugs have had excellent results. d. Antisepsis and asepsis Antisepsis is another big area for nanoparticle operation. Nanotechnology in Dermatology An. Bras. Derm 89: no 1, 2O14 • • • • • • • • @ Phototherapy Photothermal Therapy (PTT) has used agitated gold nanoparticles to inhibit tumour growth in rats with squamous cell carcinoma. This effect also causes less surrounding tissue damage, making the remedial treatments viable.It is attained by conjugating nanoparticles to monoclonal antibodies or other ligands such as hormones, an active segmentation of malignant cell populations. There is another promising treatment strategy for skin cancer and other cutaneous diseases; however its use is limited due to cost, patient adhesion, and mainly pain. It is based on the principle of optical activation of a photosensitive agent and subsequent conversion of local tissue oxygen into in various radicals harmful to tissue.The use of nanoparticles as passive carriers for photosensitive substances or as active participants has renewed interest in photodynamic treatment applications. @ Treatment of sebaceous gland diseases A big advantage of these delivery systems is improved tolerability to irritation caused by retinoids. This improves patient treatment compliance as well as presenting systemic effects from substance absorption. Encapsulation design techniques are currently being studied to improve the therapeutic index of retinoid formulations. @Treatment of scalp diseases As they increase drug penetration in hair follicle openings, particle delivery systems for drugs are shown to be a key point in treating hair disorders, as well as acting as a deposit for sustained release of the drug contained within them. It is therefore believed that nanoparticle formulations are more suitable than aqueous solutions and alcohol used until now for treating heir disorders such as androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata. In effect, hair growth ingredients encapsulated in particles showed 2.0 to 2.5 times longer permanence in hair follicle regions than aqueous control solutions. Hinokitiol encapsulated in the same particles substantially strengthened the transition of hair follicles from the telogen to anagen phase than a simple solution of the same substance.Encapsulation of Minoxidil in 40-130 nm polyethylene glycol nanoparticles improved its permanence in the hair follicle region. Taking advantage of the preferential penetration for particle based systems of drug delivery in the hair follicle canal, Another well-established drug for treating alopecia is Finasteride. When carried in liposomes, delivery is more effective and local, and is an alternative to oral administration of the drug. Nanoparticle delivery systems for drugs show great success in treating alopecia areata, seeing that treatment of this autoimmune disease of the hair follicle is still a great challenge and its frequent failure can be frustrating to patients and doctors alike. The incorporation of immunomodulation agents into nanoparticles or nanoparticle delivery systems could replace the oral administration of drugs with serious side effects by more selective and effective topical treatments. Nanotechnology in Dermatology An. Bras. Derm 89: no 1, 2O14 • • • • • • • • • @ Nanobiotechnology in combating cancer Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most fruitful areas in cancer treatment and is considered a promising method for improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease. One example is the case of B cell lymphoma. These cells present the CD20 epitope on their surface. Rituximab, used in target-driven therapy, is an antibody with anti-CD20 activity, acting on cells which express this protein on their membrane by activating immunological reactions which cause cell lysis. Therefore their introduction into conventional chemotherapy schemes considerably increases the chances of cure. Melanoma treatment is mainly dependent on disease phase. Identification of specific proteins, development of new agents, improvements in therapeutic schemes, and effective delivery of agents into tumour cells are the directions for developing a specific more effective strategy in delivering melanoma treatment. In relation to agent delivery, it searches for ways of increasing drug concentrations in tumours with minimal side effects and low effective doses. Nanotechnology provides an approach to encapsulate these agents that drive improvements in circulation time, tumour absorption, not compromising the reticuloendothelial system, and minimising toxicity. Liposomes in particular are a promising nanotechnology for effective agent delivery in melanoma treatment. Liposomes can deliver chemotherapies, siRNA, asODNs, DNA, and radioactive particles . NANODIAGNOSIS Diagnosis by image is characterised by using contrasts in Magnetic Resonance. Particles such as gold, silver, gadolinium, iron oxide, are used for this function. Diagnostic agents associated to carrier particles for specific ligands to determine tumour cells, are more diffused in primary or secondary tumour tissue, which facilitates their visualisation in images and consequently topographical location and early diagnosis New diagnostic applications test different nanoparticles due to many advantages, such as higher sensitivity of permissible detection methods to perform analysis on small quantities of tissue samples. An elevated specificity is attained when conjugated with monoclonal antibodies. In cases of malignant neoplasia, nanotechnology is of great value in both diagnosis and treatment. Different particles such as iron oxide and carbon, silica, and gold nanotubes generate improved treatment response in different tumours.In a rough way, these particles act as carriers, ligands, or boosters for chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate, doxorrubicin, as genetic materials such as si-RNA, and others, with the intent to improve specificity, drug liberation time, posology, and the efficacy of cancer treatment. When a nanoparticle simultaneously carries therapeutic image diagnostic agents to a specific determined target, this is called a Theranostics Nanoparticle simultaneously containing a therapeutic and a diagnostic element - called a TheranosticSource: Ahmed N et al, 2012.102 • Nanotechnology has a crucial role in cancer treatment in relation to the use of different nanocarriers such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, polymer-drug conjugates and other nanoparticles. These can act to protect a drug from early reticuloendothelial system degradation. It also allows higher drug serum concentrations to be carried through biological barriers, increasing drug availability in the intracellular compartment and consequently reducing toxicity and other associated side effects The future • The biological activity of certain nanomaterials, micro and nanoparticles are being widely investigated as carriers or drug delivery systems. Their variable shape, functioning size, and load capacity give drug delivery systems new pharmacological properties, such as special route internalization, selectivity, segmentation, and slow release. As nanomaterials represent a large group of variable physical and chemical substances, specific toxicological studies are needed for each product prior to commercialization. There is still no established safety standard for human use. There are various limitations on the use of nanotechnology, for instance toxicity, tissue deposition, and longterm oncological potential. It is therefore necessary to better understand the potential of these new materials in a way that the potential negative effects of their chemistry on human health and the environment can be minimized or avoided. Drug delivery