Download Theories to know

Unit XI: Motivation; Unit XII: Emotion; Unit XII ½: Stress
Advanced Placement Psychology
Mr. Landry
2011-2012
Major topics
Motivation
 Motivation – what it is
 Four major theories (know them, how each is different from each other, key terms related to them, people related to them, how
related to push/pull factors, etc.)
 For the four representative motives (hunger, sex, need to belong, work/achievement), make sure to know: how each one is a
motive, what makes it a motive, why it is an important motive, the physiology behind each one, the psychology behind each one,
the major concepts related to each, etc.
Emotion
 Emotions – what are they
 Four major theories (know them, how each is different from each other, key terms related to them, people related to them, etc.)
 Know how and when cognition, biological responses, etc. occur, interact, etc. with each other in the different theories
 Do not mix up the theories involving emotion with the theories involving motivation
 For the three representative emotions (fear, anger, happiness), make sure to know the reason behind each one, the biology behind
each one, and any related concepts related to each one.
Stress
 Know what stress is
 What GAS is
 Know what most researchers consider to be the three major stressors (catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles) and be
able to give examples of each
 Know what the four types of conflicts/avoidances are, how they are related to stress, and examples of each
Terms to know
Motivation
 Arousal
 Drive
 Primary motives
 Secondary motives
 Instinct
Emotion
 Polygraph
Stress
 Stress
 Stressor
 Homeostasis
 Ghrelin
 PYY
 Glucose
 Leptin levels
 Set point
 Basal metabolism rate
 Flow
 Organizational psychology
 Personnel psychology
 External motivation
 Internal motivation
 Extrinsic motivation
 Intrinsic motivation
 Expressed emotions
 Non-verbal communication
 Catharsis
 approach-approach conflict
 avoidance-avoidance conflict
 approach-avoidance conflict
 double approach avoidance
People to know
Know what theory, work, concept, etc. that each person is associated with
Motivation
 Abraham Maslow
 Alfred Kinsey
 William Masters
Emotion
 Carroll Izard
 William James
 Walter Cannon
 Stanley Schachter
 Robert Plutchik
 Carl Lange
 Philip Bard
 Robert Zajonc
Stress
 Hans Selye
 Virginia Johnson
 Benjamin Constant de
Rebecque
Theories to know
Know and be able to explain these theories and the concepts related to them
Motivation
 Evolutionary Approach
 (Optimum) Arousal Theory
 Yerkes-Dodson theory (know which of the other
theories this theory is related to)
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Drive-reduction theory
Emotion
 Plutchik’s Evolutionary theory
 James-Lange theory  Cannon-Bard theory
 Schachter two-factor theory
Stress
 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), or general adaptation theory
Major Works & Studies
Motivation
 Masters and Johnson
Concepts
Know what each of these concepts is
Motivation
General/background
 Why/how motivation is hypothetical
 Push factors/Pull factors (what are they, examples of each)
 Primary motives/Secondary motives (what they are, examples
of each)
Four major representative motivations
1) Hunger
 What triggers hunger?
 Physiology of Hunger
 Role of contractions
 Leptin levels (what they regulate, what causes them to
change)
 Hypothalamus – role in hunger
 Lateral hypothalamus vs. Ventromedial hypothalamus (know
which is which)
 Genetic predisposition & role in hunger motivation
2) Sex
 Know who Alfred Kinsey was and why he was important
 Know who William Masters and Virginia Johnson were
and why they were important
 Know why Kinsey, Masters, & Johnson’s studies were
important/revolutionary
 Know what the sexual response cycle is (Excitement,
Plateau phase, Orgasm, Resolution)
 Know what the refractory period is
3) Need to belong
 Need to belong: origin and related concepts
 How the need to belong aids survival
 Social acceptance
4) Work/achievement
 How achievement is related to Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs (not just work itself, how other levels on Maslow’s
hierarchy are fulfilled)
 Generally, why jobs are positive
Emotion
 Subjective well-being
 Feel-good, do good
 Adaptation level phenomenon
 Relative deprivation
 Downward comparison
 Upward comparison
 Expressed versus experienced emotions
 How emotions vary from culture to culture, particularly how
they are expressed
 Systems involved in emotional response
 Involves both: Physical component (physiological arousal,
expressive behaviors, etc.) and Cognitive component
 Universality of emotions
 Plutchik’s Evolutionary theory: Emotions helped early
humans survive
Theories
 Evolutionary Approach
 Drive-reduction theory
 Optimum Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson theory – how
related)
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (know the levels, give
examples of each)
 Body shape, set point, basal metabolism rate (know what they
are, concepts related to each one, how related to motivation
 Psychology of hunger & role in hunger motivation
 Taste preference and what influences them (biological,
conditioned, & culture factors; novel food)
 How taste preferences influence hunger
 Societal factors (body ideals, to be polite) & how they
influence hunger
 Know what the role of hormones on sexual behavior is
(Estrogen – female & Testosterone – male)
 Know what role external stimuli has on sexual behavior
 Know what role imagined stimuli has on sexual behavior
 Know what the main factors are that contribute to ten
pregnancy (pages 473-474)
 Maintaining relationships
 Social isolation – why bad
 Industrial-organizational psychology (Personnel
psychology vs. Organizational psychological)
 Job vs. career
 Plutchik & Izard: Only a few emotions, all others combination
of these eight/ten
 Role of Automatic (Sympathetic& Parasympathetic nervous
system) in emotions: page 506
 Emotional & physical reaction happens before cognition
 Levels of consciousness in emotion
 Two dimensions of emotion: Attempt to make subjectiveness
of emotions more objective
 Polygraph: what it is and measures
 Expressed emotions: “Body language” types
 Role of different parts of the brain in emotions
 Different emotions might have the same automatic arousal
(increased heartbeat, breathing, etc.)
 Small physiological differences (facial expression, “body
language”)
Stress
 Physiological & psychological effects of stress
 How stress is not just merely just a stimulus or response
Bold-Faced Words (BFW’s)
You do need to know these for the test, even if they are not listed above.
Motivation
1) Motivation
7) Glucose
13) Sexual disorder
2) Instinct
8) Set point
14) Estrogen
3) Drive-reduction theory
9) Basal metabolic rate
15) Sexual orientation
4) Homeostasis
10) Anorexia nervosa
16) Flow
5) Incentive
11) Sexual response cycle
17) Industrial-organizational psychology
6) Hierarchy of needs
12) Refractory period
18) Personnel psychology
Emotion
1) Emotion
5) Polygraph
9) Adaptation-level phenomenon
2) James-Lange theory
6) Catharsis
10) relative deprivation
3) Cannon-Bard theory
7) Feel good, do good phenomenon
4) Two-factor theory
8) Subjective well being
Stress
1) Stress
2) General adaptation syndrome
Vocabulary
Due the day of the test
1) Approach-approach conflict
5) Self actualization
9) Significant life changes
2) Avoidance-avoidance conflict
6) Evolutionary Approach
10) Daily hassles
3) Approach-avoidance conflict
7) Yerkes-Dodson theory
4) Double approach avoidance
8) Catastrophes
Unit X test question breakdown: Versions A & B
Obstacles to Solving problems
Thinking
Background & definitions
 Confirmation bias: 31, 33, 35, 36
 1, 2, 3
 Fixation: 32, 37
Types of thinking
 Mental set: 38, 42
 Deductive vs. inductive reasoning: 4, 5
 Functional fixedness: 39, 41
 Convergent vs. divergent: 6 - 8, 30
 Heuristics: 46, 53
Solving Problems
Methods of making decisions and forming judgments
 Methods of solving problems: 8, 20 - 29
 Heuristics: 34, 40, 43 - 46, 53
Concepts
 Framing effect: 47, 49
 General: 9, 10
 Overconfidence: 48
 Hierarchies: 11, 12,
 Belief bias: 50 – 52
 Prototypes: 12 – 15, 17
People to Know
 Assimilation & accommodation: 16 - 18
 39, 53
Solving problems
Artificial Intelligence
 Types of problems: 19
 54
Language
Background
 Basic concepts: 55, 56, 89
People to Know
 56, 73, 83
Words
 57 - 59, 64
Structure
 60, 62 - 64, 90
Language Development
 Stages: 65 - 72, 79, 82
 Theories – general: 73
 Theories - cognitive neuroscience: 74
 Theories - Critical Period Hypothesis: 75, 80, 82
 Theories - Operant Conditioning: 76, 81
 Theories - Statistical Aspects: 77
 Theories - Inborn Universal Grammar: 78
Thinking & Language: Concepts
 Linguistic determination: 83, 84, 88
 Gender specific language: 85
 Thinking without language: 86
 Culture and language: 87, 88
Animals & Language
 89 - 91
Previous Units
 Perception – perceptual set: 91
 Learning – reinforcement schedules: 92
 Learning – operant conditioning: 93
 Biology of Psychology – neurotransmitters: 94, 95
 Memory - Three-stage processing: 96
 Nature vs. Nurture – Behavior Genetics (heritability): 97
 Nature vs. Nurture – Behavior Genetics (twins): 98
 Perception – monocular cues & size constancy: 99
 Sensation – sound and light wave analogies: 100
 Sensation – parallel processing: 54
Reading assignment due dates
Assignment
Topics covered
Reading/BFT (Unit XI: Motivation) 455 – 486 (487-497)
Motivation
Reading/BFT (Unit XII: Emotion) 499 – 529
Reading/BFT (Unit XII ½ : Stress) 532-536
Emotion & Stress
Test & Vocab: Units XI, XI, & XII ½
Due date
“A” Day
“B” Day
Friday, February Monday,
3rd
February 6th
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
February 7th
February 8th
Thursday,
Friday, February
February 9th
10th
As you are reading this unit…
Take note of the following major ideas and concepts and make sure you include them in your outline and understand them.
Motivation
Page 455
 Know the background terms and be able to give examples of them (motivation, instinct, homeostasis, etc.)
 Know the different theories of motivation (evolutionary, drive-reduction theory, optimum arousal) and what provides the
motivation for each theory
 Know each of the levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and be able to give examples from each level
Page 458
 For the psychology of hunger, know which hormones, parts of the brain, etc. are involved in hunger.
 Know what set point is, basal metabolic rate is, etc.
 For the psychology of hunger, know what influences our taste preference (culture, societal influences, novel foods, etc.)
 Eating disorders we will mostly cover in the abnormal psychology unit
Page 467
 This part of the chapter on sexual motivation, we will not be discussing in class, however there are still parts you need to know
and will be tested on. They are listed above
Page 483
 What are the evolutionary reasons for our motivation to belong?
 What effect does isolation have on people? Psychologically and physiologically?
Page 485
 How does work fulfill the different levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
 What is flow?
 What is the difference between a job and a career?
 For pages 487 – 497, you do not have to outline these pages
Emotion
Page 499
 Know the four major theories; how each is different from each other, in what order cognitive and biological functions occur, etc.
Page 505
 How are emotions and physiology connected? What systems are involved?
Page 510
 How do we express emotions non-verbally?
Page 518
 What are the physiological and psychological reactions involved in fear, anger, and happiness
 For subjective well being; know what it is and be able to give examples
 For adaptation-level principle; know what it is and be able to give examples
 For the Relative deprivation principle; know what it is and be able to give examples
Frequently Missed Questions from the Unit IX test
