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SUMMER READING ASSESSMENT 40 STUDIES THAT CHANGED PSYCHOLOGY Directions: For each of the cases listed read the statement and indicate whether it is a TRUE (A) statement or (B) a FALSE statement about the case. (1) ONE BRAIN OR TWO: Although it is unethical to cut a person’s brain (corpus callosum) to test brain function, doctor’s can cure epileptic seizures by doing such a procedure giving psychologist insight into the function of the different hemispheres tasks in the brain. (2) MORE EXPERIENCE = BIGGER BRAIN: Experience does not affect the size of the parts of the brain. (3) ARE YOU A “NATURAL”: Twin studies indicate a strong correlation between genetic factors and personality but researchers agree that environment still contributes, also. (4) WATCH OUT FOR THE VISUAL CLIFF: Depth perception is inborn but typically not seen in human beings until at least 6 months of age. (5) WHAT YOU SEE IS WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED: By studying BaMbuti Pygmies researchers conclude that some concepts like size constancy are not inborn. (6) TO SLEEP, NO DOUBT TO DREAM: Sleeping and dreaming are necessary for all humans and when prevented from sleeping and dreaming humans try to “make up” for the loss. (7) UNROMANCING THE DREAM: Dreaming is purely psychological and a way to rid our mind of useless information. (8) ACTING AS IF YOU ARE HYPNOTIZED: Research concluded that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. (9) IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT SALIVATING DOGS: Pavlov’s dogs learned classical conditioning by pairing an unconditioned stimulus (bell) which yielded an unconditioned response (salivating) which eventually led to a conditioned stimuli resulting in a conditioned response. (10) LITTLE EMOTIONAL ALBERT: Little Albert confirmed that classical conditioning controls only behavior and not emotions. (11) KNOCK WOOD: Skinner’s study of operant conditioning revealed that for every behavior there is a consequence which can lead to ridiculously stupid superstitions. (12) SEE AGGRESSION=DO AGGRESSION: Aggression in children is inborn and not modeled by environment. (13) WHAT YOU EXPECT IS WHAT YOU GET: According to the self-fulfilling prophecy teachers may be influenced by expectations of students. (14) MAKING A GOOD IMPRESSION: First impressions are based on a person’s cognitive processes and not on descriptions or emotions. (15) MAPS IN YOUR MIND: Tolman’s study of cognitive maps concluded that environment has no consequence on behavior. (16) THANKS FOR THE MEMORIES: Eye witnesses typically reveal events inaccurately which is why people never really believe their accunts. (17) DISCOVERING LOVE: Biological needs are not our only priority. (18) OUT OF SIGHT, BUT NOT OUT OF MIND: Piaget’s study of cognitive development led to his theory of (4) stages of development. (19) BORN FIRST, BORN SMARTER: Family size does not affect intelligence levels and birth order is the only determining factor. (20) IN CONTROL, AND GLAD OF IT: Elderly persons want responsibility and are happier when given a sense of control. (21) A SEXUAL MOTIVATION: After studying sexual responses, research indicated (4) stages of the sexual response cycle which differ between men and women. (22) I CAN SEE IT ALL OVER YOUR FACE: Facial expressions are not inborn or associated with emotions. (23) LIFE, CHANGE, AND STRESS: There is no clear link between stress and illness. (24) THOUGHTS OUT OF TUNE: If you do something contrary to your attitude you will tend to change your opinion to make it fit with what you said. (25) ARE YOU THE MASTER OF YOUR FATE: Internal and external locus of control are a relatively stable aspect of human personality and can be used as a predictor of human behavior. (26) HOW MORAL ARE YOU: Kohlberg developed (6) stages of moral development indicating that as age increases so does moral reasoning. (27) RACING AGAINST YOUR HEART: There is a direct correlation between personality traits (anxious, competitive) and health. (28) THE ONE, THE MANY: Collectivism and individualism types of cultures do not vary in point of view. (29) WHO’S CRAZY HERE, ANYWAY: When “normal” human individuals were placed in psychological hospitals they reported no change in thought. (30) YOU’RE GETTING DEFENSE AGAIN: Anna Freud identified defense mechanisms used to protect against depression. (31) LEARNING TO BE DEPRESSED: Seligman and Maier’s research on dogs led to the beginnings of a theory to explain why people become helpless, hopeless, and depressed. (32) CROWDING INTO THE BEHAVIORAL SINK: Crowded situations causes aggressiveness and submissiveness along with other conditions. (33) CHOOSING YOUR PSYCHOTHERAPIST: Getting therapy is better than not and your own expectations are important. (34) RELAXING YOUR FEARS AWAY: The best way to get rid of a phobia is to hypnotize a person. (35) PROJECTIONS OF WHO YOU ARE: Rorschach’s inkblots give insight into a test subject’s personality. (36) PICTURE THIS: Subjects are shown pictures and are asked to make up stories that are not relevant to their own personal lives. (37) NOT PRACTICING WHAT YOU PREACH: Our beliefs typically are the way we act. (38) THE POWER OF CONFORMITY: Asch concluded that people will go along with obviously wrong answers just because the entire group did. (39) TO HELP OR NOT TO HELP: According to the bystander effect, most people will help in an emergency situation no matter how many people are watching the event. (40) OBEY AT ANY COST: In Milgram’s experiment extremities of compliance were tested and people did not comply with authority if test subjects were hurt.