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Chapter 1
Theoretical
Foundations
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
• Educational technology is any
technology that is used to support
teaching and learning
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Educational Technology
• ISTE’s NETS-T and NETS-S
standards articulate that educators
must acquire a broad range of
methods and skills to enhance
teaching and support learning with
technology effectively
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
What is learning?
• Learning Theories:
– Theory into Practice (TIP)
– http://tip.psychology.org
• Check your learning style:
http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/learningsty
les/ilsweb.html
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
About Learning
• Variety of theories explain how we
learn
• Each theory offers a different
perspective or view as to how
learning occurs
• Some theories may be contradictory
• Teachers must decide on theory for
themselves
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Learning as Communication
• Knowledge is transferred from sender
to receiver
• Receiver returns feedback to sender
• Sender receives feedback
• Variables may alter intended meaning.
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Learning as Communication
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Factors
Affection
Communication
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Environmental Factors
• Any factor that may cause a learner to
lose focus
• Can block communications
• Lighting, movement, temperature may
interfere with communications
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Psychological Factors
• Individual differences that define and
impact communicated information
• Emotional state may interfere with
message reception
• Learning styles may interfere with
transmission
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Personal Filters
• Individual’s values, heritage, and belief
system
• May include attitudes, cultural differences,
and opinions
• Filters are present in both sender and
receiver
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Behaviorist’s Perspective
• All behavior is a response to external
stimuli
• Students learn in response to rewards and
punishments
• Learning is a passive response to the
environment
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Cognitivist’s Perspective
• Focus is on learning as a mental operation
• Information enters through senses
Learning is explained by how one thinks
• Believe learning is more complex than
behaviorist responses
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Constructivist’s Perspective
• Knowledge is constructed as a result of
the learning process
• Learning occurs when knowledge is
assimilated or accommodated (Piaget)
• Knowledge may be constructed best in a
social context
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Cognitive Styles
• Manner in which one thinks and interprets
the environment
• Myers-Briggs helps determine cognitive
preferences
• Understanding cognitive styles helps
teachers create supportive environments
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Myers-Briggs
Cognitive Types
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Learning Styles
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Conditions under which one learns best
Relates to individual sensory dominance
Auditory learners learn best by listening
Visual learners learn best by seeing
Kinesthetic/Tactile learners learn best by
doing and touching
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
The Learner
Intelligence
• Inherent capabilities to learn and
understand
• Standford-Binet tests emphasize
logical/mathematical and verbal
capabilities
• Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple
Intelligences emphasizes multiple
capabilities
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
The Learner
Multiple Intelligences
• Verbal-Linguistic
• MathematicalLogical
• Visual-Spatial
• Bodily-Kinesthetic
Teaching and Learning with Technology
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Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Existential
Musical
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
The Learner
Multiple
Intelligences
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Teaching and Learning
• Teaching = a systematic, planned
sequence of events
– A process that communicates
ideas/skills
– Takes into account individual and
environmental factors
– Aware of learning theories & learner
characteristics
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Teaching and Learning
• Technology: a component of the
teaching/learning process
– Educational technology includes
resources that facilitate
teaching/learning
– This view of technology has evolved
– It’s consistent with evolution of
learning theories
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Teaching and Learning
• Teaching and learning work together
• Holistic planning is the key to
effective learning
• Educational technologies selected
after planning completed to enhance
instruction
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Educational Technology
An Historical Overview
• Began in the early 1900s with movies
• Slides, radio, sound recordings were
added in the 1920s-1930s
• Television drove audio-visuals in the
1950s
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Educational Technology
An Historical Overview
• 1960s: A-V expanded to a broader
systems view
• 1970s: educational technology
redefined and expanded further to
include all technologies
• 1980s: educational technology
entered the Digital Age
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005
Educational Technology
Today
• Holistic view
– All media and
systems that support
teaching/learning
• Teachers must
decide how to best
utilize technology
Teaching and Learning with Technology
 Allyn and Bacon 2005