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Chapter Fifteen
Endocrine System
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Quote
“If I’d known I was gonna live this long, I’d have
taken better care of myself.”
– Eubie Blake at age 100
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Function and Specialty/Specialist

Function

Hormones/chemical
messengers

Specialty


Endocrinology
Specialist

Endocrinologist
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Anatomy and Physiology


Endocrine (crin/o)
glands
Target cells
and receptor sites
Endocrine glands
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Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis




Location
“Master gland”
Anterior lobe/
adenohypophysis
(aden/o, hypophys/o)
Posterior lobe/
neurohypophysis
(neur/o, hypophys/o)
Pituitary hormones
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Thyroid Gland (thyroid/o)


Location
Regulation of
metabolism



Tetraiodothyronine
(thyroxine)
Triiodothyronine
Control of calcium
deposited in bones

Calcitonin
Thyroid gland
From Thibodeau and Patton: Anatomy and physiology, ed 6, Mosby
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Parathyroid Glands (parathyroid/o)


Location
Regulate calcium
(calc/o) in the
bloodstream
Parathyroid glands
From Thibodeau and Patton: Anatomy and physiology, ed 6, Mosby
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Clicker Question

Hypophys/o is a combining form for the:
A. adrenal cortex
B. adrenal medulla
C. pineal gland
D. pituitary gland
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Adrenal Glands/Suprarenals
(adren/o)


Location
Adrenal cortex


Secretes steroids
Adrenal medulla

Sympathomimetic hormones
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Pancreas (pancreat/o)


Location
Exocrine function


Release digestive
enzymes
Endocrine function

Regulate glucose in the
blood
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Thymus Gland (thym/o)
•
•
Location
Stimulation of cells
for immune response
Thymus gland
From Drake: Gray’s anatomy for students, Churchill-Livingstone
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Ovaries and Testes


Locations
Reproductive functions
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Pineal Gland


Location
Secretion of melatonin
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Clicker Question

The gland that regulates metabolism and
normal growth and development of the body
is the:
A. adrenal cortex
B. pituitary
C. thymus
D. thyroid
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Terms Related to Signs and
Symptoms of Endocrine Disorders



Anorexia
Exophthalmia
Goiter
Goiter
Anorexia
Exophalmia
From Thibodeau: Anatomy and physiology, ed 6, Mosby
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Terms Related to Signs and Symptoms
of Endocrine Disorders (cont’d)



Hirsutism
Paresthesia
Tetany
Hirsutism
Mosby’s medical dictionary, ed 7, Mosby
Tetany
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Terms Related to Signs and Symptoms of
Endocrine Disorders (cont’d)
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
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
Glucosuria
Ketoacidosis
Ketonuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyuria
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Terms Related to Signs and Symptoms of
Endocrine Disorders (cont’d)




Hypocalcemia – Hypercalcemia
Hypoglycemia – Hyperglycemia
Hypokalemia – Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia – Hypernatremia
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Clicker Question

A condition of excessive potassium in the
blood is:
A. hypercalcemia
B. hyperkalemia
C. hypocalcemia
D. hypokalemia
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Terms Related to Pituitary
Gland Disorders



Acromegaly
Gigantism
Growth
hormone
deficiency
(GHD)
GHD
Acromegaly
From Zitelli: Atlas of pediatric physical
diagnosis, ed 5, Mosby
From Ignatiavicious: Medical-surgical nursing,
ed 5, Saunders
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Terms Related to Pituitary Gland
Disorders (cont’d)



Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
Panhypopituitarism
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Clicker Question

Which of the following terms is an
enlargement of the extremities due to
hypersecretion of somatotropin?
A. gigantism
B. SIADH
C. acromegaly
D. GHD
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Terms Related to Thyroid Disorders

Hyperthyroidism



Thyrotoxicosis
Graves disease
Hypothyroidism


Cretinism (childhood)
Myxedema (adults)
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Terms Related to Parathyroid
Disorders


Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
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Terms Related to
Adrenal Gland Disorders


Addison disease
Cushing disease
Cushing disease
Before
treatment
After
treatment
From Damjanov: Anderson’s pathology, ed 10, Msoby
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Terms Related to Pancreas
Disorders

Diabetes mellitus





Gestational diabetes
Hyperinsulinism
Prediabetes
Type I diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
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Terms Related to Benign Neoplasms



Pheochromocytoma
Prolactinoma
(pituitary tumor)
Thymoma
Prolactinoma
Thymoma
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Terms Related to Malignant
Neoplasms



Islet cell carcinoma
(pancreatic Cancer)
Malignant thymoma (rare
cancer of thymus gland)
Thyroid carcinoma (5yr
survival rate)
Whipple Procedure
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Clicker Question

A prolactinoma is a tumor of which gland?
A. pituitary
B. pancreas
C. thyroid
D. thymus
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Age Matters

Pediatrics



Growth hormone
deficiency
Gigantism
Type 1 diabetes

Geriatrics

Type 2 diabetes
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Terms Related to Laboratory Tests






A1c
Fasting plasma glucose
(FPG)
Glucometer
Oral glucose tolerance test
(OGTT)
Urine glucose
Urine ketones
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Terms Related to Laboratory Tests
(cont’d)





Hormone tests
Radioimmunoassay studies (RIA)
Thyroid function tests (TFTs)
Total calcium
Urinalysis
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Terms Related to Imaging





Computed tomography
(CT) scan
Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
Radioactive iodine
(RAI) uptake scan
Radiography
Sonography
Sonography of abdomen
From Hagen: Diagnostic ultrasonography, ed 5, Mosby
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Terms Related to Excisions





Adrenalectomy
Hypophysectomy
Pancreatectomy
Parathyroidectomy
Thyroidectomy
Hypophysectomy
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Clicker Question

An A1c test is used to monitor treatment of
which disorder?
A. Addison disease
B. Cushing disease
C. diabetes mellitus
D. diabetes insipidus
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Pharmacology






Antidiabetics
Antithyroid agents
Corticosteroids
Growth hormones
Posterior pituitary hormones
Thyroid hormones
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Pharmacology (cont’d)

Antidiabetics
Insulin pump
Insulin
injection
sites
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Insulin Pumps and Glucose
Monitoring
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Insulin Pump v. Insulin Injections:

Ø The first and most obvious advantage with using an insulin pump is
there is no need for painful individual injections. The pump is
conveniently worn around your waist and a small cannula, attached to
an infusion set, is inserted under the skin allowing for easier diabetes
management. Instead of multiple injections per day, the cannula is
changed every 3 days.

Insulin pumps are more accurate than traditional injections and give
you the freedom to live the way you want by having a continual delivery
of insulin. Whether you are facing a tough week at work or running a
marathon, the insulin pump allows you more freedom without having to
calculate insulin to make up for a high carbohydrate meal or excessive
exercise, and the pump also prevents severely low blood sugar.

The pump can also be adjusted so you have even better control over
your health and can monitor the correct dosages based on your blood
sugar allowing better control and fewer swings in blood glucose levels.
This greatly reduces the risk of dangerously low blood sugar.
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Did You Know?

Some pharmacologic therapy can cure one
disease while causing another. For example,
long-term cortisone use, such as that for
patients with Crohn disease or ulcerative
colitis, can result in Addison disease.
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Clicker Question

Vasopressin and desmopressin are used to
treat:
A. diabetes insipidus
B. diabetes mellitus
C. Addison disease
D. hyperthyroidism
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Sort these terms into their correct
categories
Terms
1. neurohypophysis
2. hirsutism
3. hyponatremia
4. A1c
5. hypophysectomy
Categories
__ A+P
__ Pathology
__ Diagnostic Procedures
__ Therapeutic
Interventions
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Parting Thought
“Wheresoever you go, go with all your heart.”
–Confucius
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