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Chaudry - - - - - - - - - by internatinal standards, the Middle East and North Africa has relatively low levels of poverty and economic inequality…suggests that commonly used indicia of economic well being might be poor predictors of broader social outcomes extreme levels of economic instability and flux have defined the region since 1973 o reliance on oil exports and the transmission has had deeply destabilizing effects at the social, political and psychological levels history of economic cycles fluctuating between boom and bust o this flux reinforces and feeds into a host of long standing political conflicts that center on issues of citizenship, entitlement and national belonging and can lead to violent conflict both within and between countries. Economic insecurity not only shapes economic behavior in dramatic ways, it reaches both up into the realm of high politics and down into the realm of the family and the individual psyche. Almost all of the debt was accumulated after 1970, and it has continued to rise in the 1990s….repayments of debt have declined, suggesting that the debt burden on future generations will be high…tax capacity is low, so budget deficits can only be made up by external sources. Agencies have an interest in presenting a positive view of those countries in the region that are complying with their policy prescriptions o Economists affiliated with the World Bank often focus on select countries that permit them to deploy an image of economic health Arab governments are secretive about their economic information because it is politically sensitive Increasing poverty and declining living standards o 17% rise in absolute poverty in MENA as reported by the World Bank poverty, like joblessness, is concentrated among the young the drama of war often conceals its long term impact on human economic insecurity and the way wars suddenly reshape regional economic inequality in far reaching and unexpected ways. Wars and economic volatility reshape economic fortunes in the region across countries n ways that are unanticipated and sudden…especially in changing patterns of labor imports. In labor force, preference for non Arabs grows, owing to a variety of factors… rampant joblessnesss will spawn anti-foreign violence