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Change and Continuity Over Time Essay Topic: Analyze the cultural and political changes and continuities in INDIAN civilization during the last centuries of the classical era (300 CE – 600 CE) Beginning Middle Approximately 320 – 550 CE th Early 4 C. CE - - - - Lack of central power unifying India’s many regional kingdoms/states. Much inter-state and foreign warfare. Stability found in the level of village life and the caste system/Hinduism. Thriving trade in Eurasia, joining China and Roman Europe. - - The Gupta Empire, founded by Chandra Gupta, unifies much of northern India. Mathematical and scientific achievements include “Arabic” numerals, the concept of zero, and inoculation. Liberal and safe society as described by Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian/Fa-hsien. Artistic achievements include the playwright Kalidasa, Hindu temples, and sculpture. Women are further subjected to patriarchal control in the form of sati and female infanticide. Hinduism gains dominance as the religion of the Gupta Empire, but Buddhism continues to survive due to religious tolerance. End End of the 6th C. CE - - - The Gupta Empire weakens as a result of invasions by the Huns and eventually falls. Indian civilization returns to a state of disorder. Hinduism, architectural styles, and the treatment of women are retained since the Gupta Empire. Trade continues to thrive but weakens with Europe due to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Changes: With the rule of the Gupta Empire, Indian civilization enters a peaceful, prosperous state. The treatment of women is worsened as they are further subjugated to a patriarchal society. Innovations are made in the arts, sciences, and mathematics. Continuities: Hinduism continues to flourish as the official religion of the empire, but Buddhism thrives as well. Religion maintains stability. Profitable Eurasian trade continues. THESIS: Between 300 – 600CE, Indian civilization remained a patriarchal, Hinduism-based society, with prosperous trade but through the rise and fall of the Gupta Empire, Indian civilization experienced short-lived political unity under a peaceful administration, increased discrimination against women, and an increase in artistic and intellectual activity, until the disintegration of the empire.